踏腳石與馬鈴薯
——獄中給女兒的信選刊五十四
親愛的小文:
你開始學植物(plant),你要爸爸寫一點植物給你。好,你看,植物來了,這是什麼花?這是五月花(Mayflower),這是美國麻州的州花(state flower of Massachusetts)。麻州就是美國東邊那個有小掛衣鉤的小州,州雖小,資格卻很老,一六二○年——哥倫布(Columbus)發現美洲後一二八年,一條叫Mayflower的船,到了這掛衣鉤的Provincetown的地方,這船上有一○二個Pilgrims(都是清教徒Pilgrims),有老有少有男有女(有的還有僕人),他們是從英國Plymouth港上船的,走了六十五天,到了掛衣鉤(這鉤叫Cape Cod),但到了這裡的一○二個人不是完全上船那一○二個,因為死了一個,又生了一個,這天是一六二○年November 21,到了December 21,他們到了西邊的陸地,因為他們是從Plymouth來的,所以就把這地方叫做Plymouth。 (你記得前年九月二十三爸爸給你信上提到的美國對英國飲水思源,英國有一個Plymouth,美國來它六個嗎?)到了這地方,一○二個人又變了,死了三個,又生了一個,一共只有九十九了。傳說他們踩了一塊踏腳石(stepping-stone),現在這塊石頭是美國國寶。
這三五○多年前的九十九個人,就是今天美國白人的老祖宗(ancestors)。
這條船,早就爛掉了,但一九五七年,英國做了一條一模一樣的,叫Mayflower II,英文叫複製品(replica),送給美國。
美國白人有的很神氣,總是炫耀他們Mayflower來的老祖宗,認為他們最老資格,但忘了在白人到美洲前,早有黃種人印地安(Indian)人在那兒了。美國歷史上最有名的牛仔哲學家(the cowboy philosopher),最會表演揮鞭子、說笑話的Will Rogers(一九三五年爸爸出世後三個多月,他坐飛機失事死了)說過一句挖苦這些美國白人的話:
My folks didn’t come over on the Mayflower, but they were there t meet the boat.(我們家的人沒坐五月花來,但他們卻是(在岸上)接這條船的。)
原來Will Rogers的祖先是印地安人!遠在二萬年前,就從亞洲到美洲了!
可見一個人不要老吹自己的祖宗,要自己有本領才好。 Thomas Overbury用植物中的馬鈴薯(potato)做過一個比喻,他說自己乏善可陳老是吹他有名的祖宗的傢伙,就像馬鈴薯——屬於他的好東西都在地底下(祖宗都死了,埋在地底下)。 The man who has not anything to boast of but his illustrious ancestors is like a potato – the only good belonging to him is under ground.(Sir Thomas Overbury:Characters)
小文你說,這個比喻好不好玩?
馬鈴薯的球根叫tuber,馬鈴薯全世界蘇聯最多,其次是波蘭、德國、中國、美國。
跟馬鈴薯有關的英文,hot potato和small potatoes你可問老師什麼意思。
爸 爸 一九七五年二月一日
你上月二十六信二十八收到。
林肯·栗子·笑(下)
親愛的小文:
爸爸前年十月七日跟你談過的橡樹(buckeye),你還記得嗎?
去年一月十二日跟你談過的小松鼠和nut,你還記得嗎?
有一種跟橡樹很像的樹,叫栗樹,叫chestnut,結出來的就是栗子,也叫chestnut。 chest是箱子,nut是核中果子,你在台北市可以買到糖炒栗子,就可以吃到箱子裡的果子,很好吃。
栗樹是很好看的樹(a handsome tree),木頭可以做成木板和造紙。生命力很強,很死了還會長一陣子,這叫做“雖死猶生”。
一個故事說猴子(monkey)要吃火裡面的栗子,可是自己伯燙,就騙貓去代它拿,貓伸手去拿(就是貓腳爪cat’s paw),結果給燙了,於是出來一句英文成語,叫:
火中取栗Pull chestnuts from fire.或To pull out the chestnuts with the cat’s paw
因為貓被猴子利用了,做了傻瓜、做了瘟生、做了傀儡,所以:
To make a cat‘s-paw of a person
就是利用某人的意思。 cat’s-paw or cats-paw——a person used by another to do something unpleasant or dangerous.
另有一種跟栗樹一類的樹,結出來的栗子大,以前用來餵馬(horse),所以叫horse-chestnut,中文叫做七葉樹(葉子有七片)。 horse-chestnut, 1.a large shade tree having spreading branches, large leaves, clusters of showy, white flowers, and glossy, brown nuts resembling chestnuts. 2.the nut. 3.any tree or shrub of the same family as the horse chestnut. horse-chestnut這個字若反過來,成為chestnut horse,就變成栗色馬。
林肯跟道格拉斯(Stephen A. Douglas)辯論的時候(一八五八年競選參議員the US ——Senate),林肯挖苦Douglas胡說八通,說他A man can prove a horse-chestnut to be a chestnut horse .(一個想把七葉樹證明是栗色馬的人)。
你的成績單影本和六頁剪貼都收到了,爸爸很高興你有這麼好的成績、這麼快的進步。
爸 爸 一九七五年二月十五日
爸爸因為不過舊曆年,所以沒特別送你什麼。但你的鋼琴,短期內爸爸一定為你買到。
你請姥姥代爸爸買一雙皮拖鞋。
我討厭日本
——獄中給女兒的信選刊五十五
親愛的小文:
二月十五日信上爸爸寫的“想法”兩個字該是“能把”。
你二月二日的信,二月十四日的Valentine卡片,又二月十四日的信和小卡片,二月二十四日的信,都收到。
這一陣子,爸爸因為忙著寫信替你進行籌買鋼琴的錢,所以沒有給你寫信。現在錢籌得差不多了,可以肯定告訴你好消息——下個月初(一號到五號),就可以買到。
現在再談日本,恐怕你們已上過講日本的課了,是不是太遲了?
一、日本人以前侵略中國,中國人大都不喜歡日本人。爸爸就不喜歡日本人,也不喜歡日本。爸爸寧肯喜歡日本人中的一種野人——Amino(蝦夷人,住在北海道。就是地圖上北邊那個大島Hokkaido。蝦夷人留著大鬍子,吃飯時候要用鉤子鉤開鬍子,露出嘴巴,才吃)。
二、日本人矮、小、地方小、心眼小,中國人都叫他們“小日本”或“日本鬼子”。但日本人卻自稱“大日本”。
三、日本的舊式建築,受了中國影響,但改得有點小家子氣,很單薄。
四、日本人學寫中國毛筆字,但寫得難看無比,每個字都趴在那裡,並且亂扭扭捏捏一陣。
五、日本人和德國人是全世界最不會把簡單的事弄簡單的人,他們常常弄得複雜,日本人寫的書多犯這個毛病。日本的小說,沒有一本是能看的。日本文字的囉嗦,使他們在二次世界大戰的通訊方面,吃了大虧。
六、日本人小題大作,有荼道(The Tea Ceremony),女人跪在tatami(榻榻米)上忙了半天,只弄出一小口荼來。
七、日本女人的腿都是彎的。日本人喜歡穿木拖板,腳也難看。大概這叫“屐道”,“屐道”兩個字是爸爸起的,屐是wooden shoes。
八、日本人打架有“柔道”(judo)、有“空手道”(karate),打仗打敗了自殺有“武士道”(bushido)要“塞普庫”(切腹)。
九、日本畫和電影,在表情上,男人都是誇張過度的凶相,女人都是“愛哭面”,台灣的歌仔戲一路哭到底,大概受了日本的影響,台灣被日本統治了半個世紀,所以很日本味,很多台灣人說了一口好日本話,但有的不行,日本人考台灣人日語,要他們分別:
子供(小孩子) 寇豆墨
袈裟(和尚穿的衣服) 寇洛墨
很多台灣人就分不清“豆”和“洛”的音。
十、日本的國戲是大胖子摔角(sumo wrestling)。爸爸小時候在山西省的太原看過這種表演,大胖子要多胖有多胖,摔角前全是假動作,又小題大作,亂扭扭捏捏一陣,實際的摔角好像不到一分鐘(The actual wrestling seems to last for less than a minute.),最後好像最胖的贏了。
十一、日本人喜歡吃生魚,叫“壽司”(sushi),就是飯糰上來一塊魚肉(rice cakes with fish on top),難吃死了。有一種叫sukiyaki,是鍋爆肉,用肉片加菜爆炒後,從生雞蛋裡沾一下再吃的怪菜,味道尚好。
十二、日本有皇帝,但是不管事,這叫“虛君”,他只是國家的象徵(the symbol of the state),就像古代船頭上那個裝飾人像一樣,英文叫figurehead,中國人叫“破浪神”(日本皇帝只管過一次事,就是投降那一次)。
十三、日本人是經濟的動物,很會做生意,很會模仿別人,就像猴子(monkey),日本語是“撒路”,俄國最後一任皇帝當皇太子的時候去日本玩,被日本浪人刺了一刀,他最恨日本人,就叫日本人是猴子。爸爸認為,“上帝因為發明了日本人失望了才發明猴子。”(God invented the monkey because he was disappointed in the Japanese.)
十四、英文成語:
Give the devil his due.(給魔鬼他的應該得的東西。)
意思是不掩沒惡人的長處,不以人廢言,不要因為你討厭他而否定他的優點。爸爸雖然討厭日本和日本人,但並不抹殺他們的本領。
Sayonara! (Japanese good-bye)美國小說家James A. Michener的一本小說就用這字做書名。
請姥姥給你講中文成語“指鹿為馬”的故事。日本人後來偷去這個故事,成了一句日本罵人語——“馬鹿野郎”(拔個牙路),意思是人連馬和鹿都分不清,是個混蛋的傢伙。日本人最喜歡罵“馬鹿野郎”,有次首相吉田茂在國會裡罵出來了,結果丟了首相寶座。
中國東北人說日本,發音是一本;湖北人說日本,發音是二本。
爸 爸 一九七五年三月九日
瞎子可以摸出象來
——獄中給女兒的信選刊五十七
親愛的小文:
感官(senses)一般說有五種(Most people speak of the five senses:sight——眼,視覺。hearing——耳,聽覺。smell——鼻,嗅覺。taste——舌,味覺。feeling——皮膚,觸覺),事實上不只五種,人類有十一種。
還有一種叫“第六感”的“直覺”(sixth sense,an unusual power of perception;intuition;a power of perception beyond the five senses)。很多人信這第六種,但它沒有科學的根據。這就是說,“第六感”有迷信的(superstitious)味兒。
爸爸在去年三月二十二日信上告訴過你蜻蜓(dragonfly)有最好的眼睛,它可以看到十八英尺遠的一隻小蚊子(gnat)。另外鷹(eagle)也有極好的眼睛,可以看到半里以外的小兔子,中國詩人描寫說“草枯鷹眼疾”,就是誇它的目光犀利。一隻小鷹的眼力就比人類好八倍,可見人類真是“目光如豆”(short-sighted)。人類不但不能“鳥瞰”(a bird’s eye view)事物,還常常不肯“正視”(face),常常“視而不見”(look but do not see)他所“目睹”(see with one’s own eyes )的,所以常常是“打馬虎眼”(pretend not to see或to overlook)。所以人常常是睜著眼睛的瞎子,尤其在love的時候,因為大詩人Chaucer說love is blind.。
瞎了一隻眼,叫“獨眼龍”(one-eyed person),獨眼龍如果運氣好,還可以做國王,“In the land of the blind, the one-eyed is king.”(在盲人之國,獨眼龍就是王。)這是一句好玩的英文諺語,這才真是中文諺語裡頭的“別具隻眼”呢! (英文eye for eye大概是獨眼龍發明的,中文的意思是以眼還眼,一報還一報,報復,一拳來一腳去。)
如果人兩隻眼睛全瞎了,瞎得像鼴鼠(as blind as a mole),瞎得像甲蟲(as blind as a beetle),那麼就要靠“摸”才行了,摸,就是另一種sense——“觸覺”了。
(關於視覺會上當的情形,你可看去年四月十三日爸爸給你的信。現在貼一張“視覺暫留”現象的實驗給你,你可跟小朋友們立刻試試看,非常好玩。 )
現在談“觸覺”。觸覺瞎子最靈,中國有一個笑話說“盲人摸象”,因為像太大了,盲人們each touching merely a small part of the elephant’s body,結果每個人說出的象的形狀都不一樣。其實這是時間不夠的緣故。如果時間夠,瞎子一定可以模出象的模樣來。
十九世紀的時候,一個十五歲的法國瞎子佈雷爾(Louis Braille),他發明了一種凸起的用小點表示的字母,瞎子可以摸著,於是他的名字Braille便成了a code of small raised dots on paper(A blind person reads braille by running his fingers along on the dots. He can write braille on a 6-key machine called a braillewriter, or with a stylus on a pocketsize metal or plastic state.),於是瞎子可以“看”(摸)書了。
美國的海倫凱勒(Helen Keller),她克服了聾、啞、瞎的困難,她的故事極動人,你可請老師講給你聽。觸覺當然不限於手,皮膚都有這種感覺。山鷸(woodcock)鳥能用嘴放在地上,憑觸覺確定出地下的蚯蚓在哪兒動,你說多厲害!這種觸覺多精細啊!植物中含羞草(sensitive plant)也有這種感覺,你說怪不怪?
蜥蜴(lizards,你看到的壁虎,叫house lizare,是lizards的一種)和蛇(snakes)的舌頭,不但有觸覺,還有的另一種——smell嗅覺。
嗅覺可分二大類,香和臭。中文中帶香字的好多,香氣(fragrant)、香閨(lady’s chamber)、香腸(sausage)、香瓜(muskmelon)、香蕉(banana)、香料(spices)、香片(scented tea)、香肉(dog meat)、香水(perfume,cologne water)、香甜(sweet and nice-smelling)、香噴噴、香酥鴨、香餑餑、鳥語花香、國色天香……除了“香港腳”(Hong Kong-foot )外,所有香都是好的。
中文帶臭字的也好多,臭蟲(bedbug)、臭名(notorious)、臭美(smug)、臭溝(stinking ditch)、臭錢(stinking money)、臭罵(scold)、臭揍(a good beating)、臭鼬(skunk)、臭烘烘(stinking)、臭小子(bum)、臭女人(hussy)、臭皮囊(the human body)、臭吃臭喝(drink like a fish and eat like a pig)、遺臭萬年(leave a name that stinks through the ages)……除了“臭豆腐”(fermented bean curd)外,所有臭都是壞的。
嗅覺會疲勞,所以剛聞的時候最覺得臭或香,聞久了就不覺得了,中文成語叫“久而不聞其臭”,並且還要做“逐臭之夫”,因為“臭味相投”啊!
人的嗅覺比起狗來,又差得多了,狗鼻子最靈。有些蛾子(moth)它們的“鼻子”長在“觸鬚”(antennae,電視的天線也antennae)上,也靈得很。女蛾子不需用香水,男蛾子就聞到了。
第四種sense方面,味覺也是千奇百怪。鯰魚(catfish)在肚皮上有味覺器官(organs),你把肉放在它肚子旁邊,它就會轉過身來咬,比專靠舌頭的人類妙多了。
一般說味有五種,就是“五味”:酸(sour)、甜(sweet)、苦(bitter)、辣(hot)、咸(salty),沒有味道,中國成語是“味同嚼蠟”(tastes like chewing candle)。還有—句叫“索然無味”(uninteresting,tasteless)。 “雞肋”(chicken’s ribs)的意思是“棄之可惜,食之無味”,有點進退兩難的矛盾。
有的人的舌頭天生有“品味”的能力,這種人就可以做品味師。有的人的舌頭就很差,山珍海味吃起來,也不覺得有什麼不得了,這叫“食而不知其味”。
還有很多“有味”的味,你慢慢就會“體味”出來,像“美味”、“趣味”、“興味”、“滋味”、“情味”、“韻味”、“玩味”、 “往事只能回味”……你書看多了,就全都知道了。
第五種sense是聽覺。
中文有“裝聾作啞”(pretend to be deaf and dumb),所以有時候對聲音會故意“聽而不聞”(I hear, but I don’t listen),有時候人要故意聽別人說什麼,於是就plant “bug”,這是不對的,所以Nixon下台了。所以中國古人希望的“順風耳”,實行起來,要有限度才好。
你記得《木偶奇遇記》裡那隻小蟋蟀(cricket)嗎? cricket只有男的才叫(only the male cricket produces sound),女的比人類中的女性沉默多了,她們只是聽。用什麼聽呢?用耳朵。耳朵在哪兒呢?在前面兩條腿上!
更奇怪的就是小瞎子蝙蝠(bat)了,英文說全瞎像蝙蝠一樣瞎(as blind as a bat),但蝙蝠的聲覺,卻比人類的雷達(radar,可問老師是什麼)還高明,它憑聲波抓小蟲來吃,它根本用不著眼睛!
鯊魚(shark)也是個聽音專家,渾身是“耳”(佛經上說“通身是眼”,它卻“通身是鬥”),正常的聲音它聽而不聞,但聲音中一有異動,就哪怕三○○碼(一碼yard是三英尺,就是foot)外,它也不會“充耳不聞”(turn a deaf ear to),它立刻游過去,準備大吃特吃一頓。
爸 爸 一九七五年三月三十日
你二十三日的信及你自己做Easter的卡片(做得好可愛)及小口香糖都收到。 daylight-saving-time(日光節約時間)的slang是monkey time,但這是dialect用法。
彼得·潘·潘彼得
——獄中給女兒的信選刊五十八
親愛的小文:
上月二十三號,給你信上提到的Leonardo Da Vinci畫的那幅《最後的晚餐》(The Last Supper),爸爸把它貼在下面。畫的意思是耶穌(Jesus)說One of you shall betray me.(你們之中有一個要出賣我了),於是大家紛紛問他Is it I? (是我嗎?)
畫上有Jesus的十二個徒弟,但並不是“十二使徒”Twelve Apostles——the twelve disciples and associates of Jesus(Peter, James, John, Andrew, Thomas, James the Less, Jude, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Simon, and Judas), Who were chosen as His Apostles.畫上說明(The Last Supper, as painted by Leonardo Da Vinci, shows Jesus and the twelve apostles, left to right:Bartholomew, James the Less, Andrew, Judas , Peter, John, Thomas, James, Philip, Matthew Thaddeus, and Simon.)說是the twelve apostles,是不妥的,因為十二使徒裡的Judas(猶大),並不是畫裡那個Judas,但一般人總以為畫裡那個Judas是十二使徒之一,這是一般人看書沒有爸爸仔細的緣故。
坐在畫裡Judas旁的白鬍子老頭叫彼得(Peter),Jesus死後,Peter是頭牌的使徒。他原來是打魚的,Jesus招他做徒弟,說做了Jesus徒弟就“得人如得魚一樣”(I will make you fishers of men.)。於是Peter就跟Jesus傳道了。 Jesus死後十五年,Peter因傳教被關在牢裡,但傳說天使幫他越獄,天使來的時候,看守他的兵也睡了,鎖著他的兩條鐵鍊也開了。可見天使的本領真大,不但會催眠術(hypnotism),還是鎖匠(locksmith),也許鎖就是Peter自己開的,因為Jesus早就說給Peter“天國的鑰匙”(I will give to thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven.),這keys既然能開天門,開個鐵鍊上的鎖自然不在話下。
Peter越獄後二十多年,又被抓住了,這次天使不來了,Peter被釘十字架上,臨釘以前他要求頭朝下腳朝上釘(他老師Jesus是頭上腳下釘)。死後,被稱為聖彼得(Saint Peter)。現在羅馬(Rome)的聖彼得教堂(St. Peter’s Church)是世界上最大最有名的Christian church,Peter的墳就在裡面,但直到一九五○年——Peter死後近一千九百年,才發現(英文Rob Peter to pay Paul就是“慷他人之慨”“挖東牆補西牆”的意思)。
談完了Peter,再談Pan(潘)。 Pan是牧羊神,是希臘神話裡半人半羊的神,怪嚇人的,所以英文panic一個字,便是被他“嚇”出來的,如說They fall into a panic.就是“他們大感恐慌”。
另外panpipe(牧神笙)這種樂器,也是他“吹”出來的。 panpipe——a primitive wind instrument consisting of a series of hollow pipes of graduated length, the tones being produced by blowing across the upper ends.
爸爸為什麼跟你談Peter和Pan呢?
因為要介紹一個小朋友,他的名字叫Peter Pan(潘彼得)。
Peter Pan是誰? Peter Pan是一個童話裡的小男孩,他不肯長大(refuses to grow up),下面是他的履歷:
Peter Pan, the hero of a play by Sir James Barrie, is a boy who refuses to grow up. Peter Pan persuades Wendy, John, and Michael Darling to fly with him and the fairy Tinker Bell to Never-Never Land. The Darling children and Peter Pan have adventures with the pirate Captain Hook, a crocodile, and an Indian princess. The play was first produced in 1904.
The character first appears in Barrie’s story The Little White Bird(1902). Several chapters from the story were published in 1906 as Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens. In 1911, Barrie made the play into a story called Peter Pan and Wendy.
作者巴利是美國人,寫了很多書。 He once summed up his work as a means “to play hide and seek with angels”.(跟天使捉迷藏)
Peter Pan這書你學校裡一定有。中文也有譯本,叫《潘彼德》,重慶南路商務印書館可以買到。譯者梁實秋,現在有七十五六歲了,他是三姑三姑父在師範大學時的文學院院長,他給爸爸寫的一本書《胡適評傳》寫過書評,說“李敖先生收集材料的本領很大”。
Peter Pan的小朋友Wendy這名字念起來很像中文的“文諦”,你要爸爸給你起一個中間的名字,就叫Wendy好不好?
Hedy Wendy Lee可寫做Hedy W. Lee或HW Lee,你喜歡嗎?你可以寫信問問媽媽再決定用不用。
有人用middel name,反而不用前面的,美國前總統Nixon的太太叫Thelma Patricia(Pat)Ryan只用middle name。一九五二年大選的時候,政敵Nixon說收了slush fund(紅包),A fund or sum of money set aside for political purposes, to use to buy influence or votes, or to use in bribery.說他太太Pat有貂皮大衣(mink coat),於是Nixon上了電視,稱呼他太太就用Pat這middle name:He discussed his personal finances in detail, showing that he had not profited personally from the fund. He said that “Pat doesn ‘t have a mink coat. But she does have a respectable Republican cloth coat.”And he vowed to keep Checkers, a cocker spaniel that had been a gift to his daughters. After the program, Republicans hailed Nixon as a hero. Eisenhower put his arm around Nixon when they next met and declared:“You’re my boy.”Eisenhower and Nixon went on to defeat their Democratic opponents.他說他只收了人家送他的一條cocker spaniel(這是一種短腿、長毛、大耳朵下垂的小獵犬),“不論他們說什麼,我們也把它留下來。”(Regardless of what they say about it, we’re going to keep it.)當然一條小狗不能算是slush fund,所以Nixon當選了。
因為Wendy這個名字,發音有“文”的音,跟你中文名字正好呼應,我認為你可以像Pat一樣,多用Wendy這個middle name也不錯。
爸 爸 一九七五年四月六日
木記印度阿三
獄中給女兒的信選刊五十九
親愛的小文:
古時候,有人有一種特技,能夠一隻腳站很久,他向斯巴達(Sparta,在今天Greece)人說: 我不信你們有這本事。 (I do not believe you can do as much.)但斯巴達人回他一句,這有什麼了不起, 每條鵝都能。 (True, but every goose can.)
古時候過去了,但現代仍有這種用一隻腳站著顯擺的人,這就是印度人。印度人這種鬼名堂多得很,一隻腳站著,一隻手舉著,太陽底下曬著(standing exposed to the sun for many hours),拿大頂(remain with the head bent down),手握拳,讓指甲穿過手心長出來(Keep their fists closed for years, so that the nails grow through the palm and out of the back of the hand.),或埋在地裡幾天,還活過來(remain buried for days at a time and emerge from their graves alive)。
這些無聊的特技,都是印度人的本事。這一套本事,最像樣的部分就叫瑜伽(yoga 1.(in Hindu religious philosophy)a system of ascetic practice, abstract meditation, and mental concentration, used as a method of attaining union with the supreme spirit. 2. a system of exercises or rigid physical positions for achieving serenity and well-being.),信瑜伽的就叫yogi,印度人很多都信。去年十月十九日爸爸給你信上提到的現在印度總理甘地夫人的爸爸(坐過十年半牢的),每天早起就要拿大頂,據說這樣可relax himself(Nehru’s wife died in 1936 and his only daughter is his official hostess. He likes playing with his two grandsons. Every morning he starts his day by standing on his head to relax himself.)。中國古話說,救老百姓是解民倒懸,如果老百姓都這樣以倒懸為樂,那還解個屁! (上次信上談到Peter要求倒釘十字架以表示他對他老師耶穌的敬意,大概Peter也是一個yogi!)
印度人好像腦袋頂上總要來點什麼, 包頭是最起碼的,其他頭頂上的東西可多了!印度女人有一種水壺舞(The Dance of the Water Pots),每人頭頂上頂了一把大銅茶壺,中國人要頂天立地,印度人只要頂茶壺立地就滿意了,雖沒中國人誌氣大,但比中國人實際而具體。
印度還有六百萬頭上頂自己鬍子的人,這種人叫錫克(Sikhs),他們很早就主張男女平等,全世界最恨他們的人就是理髮的,因為他們不理髮,也不刮鬍子(但他們如果擦皮鞋,就可能被理髮的捉住,因為印度的理髮館看起來像個擦皮鞋的攤位)。
錫克人長得人高馬大,是戰士,常做警察和開計程車的(There are about six million Sikhs, and their picturesque appearance distinguishes them from the rest of the population. They are strong, tall and vigorous, and in cities often serve as policemen, watchmen and cab drivers.),所以理髮的也不敢捉他們,也捉不到。錫克人為什麼不理髮呢,因為他們信錫克教,錫克教(Sikhism)不准,於是錫克人就把鬚髮纏在一起,在頭頂上用白布包起來。 (Keeping the hair and beard tied in a knot above the head.)(The Sikhs’ religion forbids them to cut their hair or beards. It strongly emphasizes the brotherhood of all men and forbids the drinking of alcohol. These soldiers have their hair fastened into a tightly-rolled topknot on the crown of the head and are wearing the characteristic beard retainer, a fine net attached to the ears at either end.)
錫克教雖然一毛不拔,但卻集合了別的宗教的長處,主張平等。它的教主叫,是十五到十六世紀的人,為了信仰,死在牢裡了。錫克教也不准喝酒,所以不但理髮公會理事長恨他們,菸酒公賣局的局長也恨他們。
你記得去年二月十六日爸爸給你談牛的信上,提到的印度牛被慣得可以在馬路上逛嗎?這是因為印度有百分之八十五是印度教徒,印度教徒只拿牛耕田拉車,但不許吃牛肉,因為他們認為牛是神聖的。印度選舉的時候,因為不認識字的人太多,不知道哪一黨是哪一黨,於是在選票上印上圖畫,用牛代表國大黨(就是甘地夫人那一黨),結果大家都投牛的票! (牛以外,monkeys and snakes也神聖。)
印度教(Hinduism)(The religious(Polytheistic)and social systems of the Hindus, developed from Brahmanism, and embodying animistic beliefs. The caste system is the chief characteristic.印度多神教,為婆羅門教的變相,並信靈魂造生命之說,社會階級制度是它主要特點)雖然對牛客氣,對人卻極不客氣。印度教把人分四種階級(caste),每一階級幹什麼,永遠幹什麼(從爺爺的爺爺到孫子的孫子)。四階級中,第三級是農人商人(甘地就屬於這一級,甘地坐過近六年五個月的牢,爸爸在去年十月十九日信上跟你談過),第四級是奴隸、僕人。另有一種不入級的叫不能碰的(Untouchables),連做奴隸、僕人都不准,甚至不准他們工作,只准討飯(even forbidden to work, and can only beg),討飯還不准在給錢的人的身邊討,要躲得遠遠的,錢由給錢的人丟在地下,Untouchables再去撿,直接給是不行的,這叫授受不親!
Untouchables的影子碰到了上面說的四階級都不行!被影子碰到了就得趕快洗澡!
Untouchables有六千萬台灣人口的四倍!
其他階級的人,若犯了規,一被開除,就淪為Untouchables,所以大家都不敢,萬一犯規,也繳罰金或吃牛屎喝牛尿(cow dung and cow urine)來求饒,下次再也不敢犯規了(promise never to sin again),因為一變成Untouchables就等於變成了political prisoner,誰都要躲著你了。
你看過《西遊記》嗎?西遊記裡唐僧、孫悟空、豬八戒去西天取經,就是去印度,印度是佛教(Buddhism)的發源地,佛教的教主是釋迦牟尼(Sakyamuni),比耶穌大五六○歲,比孔夫子大十二歲。佛教很奇怪,它在印度傳了一千年,傳丟了印度自己沒了,卻跑到別人家裡去了,印度的鄰居(像中國)和鄰居的鄰居(像日本),都到處是佛教徒,可是印度今天自己的佛教徒,只不過三四百萬(兩百多個人裡頭,才有一個信佛的),你說怪不怪?
其實也不怪,因為印度教把佛教吸收到它大口袋裡頭去了,所以今天的印度,還有很多很多佛教的痕跡,印度國旗中間那個腳踏車車輪子,就是佛教裡頭法輪長轉的法輪(Flag of India. The saffron(orange-yellow)stripe is for courage and sacrifice;white is for truth and purity;and green for faith and chivalry, the wheel is an ancient symbol, the Dharma Chakra(Wheel of Law). Adopted in 1947) ,公元前三世紀的印度阿育王(Asoka) 他就是拼命把佛教傳到別人家裡去的傢伙有石獅子雕刻,下面就是這法輪。
又如兩手合十,這也是佛教的習慣。去年十月十九日信上跟你提到的坐過一年一個月牢的political prisoner甘地夫人這個手勢(gesture),你注意一下。
恒河(Ganges)是印度的大河,中國佛教裡有恒河沙數的話,表示很多很多。印度教徒相信死後河葬可升天堂,所以不但在河裡洗澡,把火葬後的骨灰也丟到河裡去。
印度人火葬,因為相信人死了一燒,就可把靈魂燒出來,使靈魂從肉體裡解脫出來(free the soul from the body)(中國直到宋朝才有火葬,《水滸傳》你看過嗎?打虎的武松哥哥即潘金蓮的丈夫武大郎就是火葬的)。
印度的火葬是公開的露天的(public cremation),印度古習慣,丈夫死了,太太要在火葬時跳到火堆裡陪死!英文叫suttee,印度人以前平均只活三十二歲(現在已到四十一歲了),丈夫很容易早死,一死太太就倒了黴,這種壞風俗,現在已經犯法了。 (SUTTEE is a Hindu custom that people once practiced is India. Its name comes from the Sanskrit word sati, which means faithful wife. By the custom of suttee, a widow allows herself to be burned to death beside her husband’s body on the funeral pyre. The pyre is a pile of material that burns easily. No one knows how the custom began. An ancient book states that a widow should lie by her husband’s body on the funeral pyre. A few widows, especially the wives of kings, refused to leave the pyre and burned to death. In 1829, the British, then the rulers of India, made suttee illegal.)
不過做印度人老婆,有一個人至少佔了便宜,那就是三百年前印度國王沙迦罕(Shah Jahan)的老婆默哈兒(Mahal),她死後,她丈夫為她花了二十多年,修了一座漂亮的大墳Taj Mahal,taj是阿拉伯文皇冠(crown)的意思。 Taj Mahal是印度最有代表性的建築,在印度Agra地方(地圖上沒有,爸爸為你點了一個小·點就在那兒)。它是全世界最漂亮的墳。 (TAJ MAHAL at Agra, in north central India, the crowning jewel of Indo-Islamic architecture. A Mogul ruler, Shah Jahan, erected the monument as a tomb for a beloved wife, Arjumand Banu, better know by her title of Mumtaz Mahal or Taj Mahan 1(Crown of the Palace). In 1631 she died after bearing fourteen children in eighteen years. The construction of the tomb, begun the next year, employed some 20000 workmen for nearly twenty years.)
印度女人頭上多點小點,叫吉祥點,她們披紗麗(sari),二十英尺長三英尺寬,不用裁縫(當然裁縫恨這東西)。有的女人窮得只有一件紗麗,所以沒法洗換。 (Many Indian men have partly adopted European dress. Indian women, however, remain loyal to the national costume, the sari, a garment which emphasizes their dignified and majestic bearing. The simple yet extremely elegant line of the sari is reminiscent of the costume of ancient Greece, while its striking colors, and gold and silver embroidery, are a further example of the Indians’ love of bright things. The garment is a strip of cloth some twenty feet long and three feet wide. It is draped round the body without any pin or button being used. It is extremely simple in use and presents no dress-making problem.)
印度女人喜歡裝飾品,甚至裝飾到鼻子上,這當然要很有錢的才辦得到。印度窮人根本沒家,睡馬路上,有錢的最闊的有十億美金!這是最不對的事。英國人統治印度一九○年,這種現象當然英國人要負責任。
印度太窮,人太多(全世界中國人最多,其次是印度人)。
印度的憲法,是全世界最長的。 (The constitution of India is the longest in the world.)
印度人吃飯用右手抓著吃,認為左手沒右手乾淨。 (他們這些怪毛病可真多!)(The various Hindu castes have different food laws. Most castes eat only with the right hand because they consider the left hand unclean. Some castes eat meat, and others eat fish but not meat. Some eat neither meat nor fish, but so eat eggs. Still others do not eat eggs.)
印度像比非洲像小一點,長得也不太一樣。
就是中國的墨汁。就是中國的聖經紙。這兩樣東西明明是中國的卻用上印度名字。
印度的蛇很多,每年咬死三十萬人。印度有玩蛇的或弄蛇的(snake-charmer),在蛇面前吹笛子,其實蛇聽不見,只是看他動作再跟著動。 (Indian Snake Charmer may fool his audience, but he does not charm the snake. The cobra cannot hear the music of the flute. It sways merely to follow the movements of the charmer.)
印度人喜歡看貓鼬(mongoose)和眼鏡蛇(cobra)大戰,貓鼬的動作比蛇快,所以老是佔上風。貓鼬鼬平時很溫和,但看到蛇就兇得很。
印度最有名的文學家叫泰戈爾(Tagore),他到中國來過,得過Nobel Prize(諾貝爾獎),中國的一位學者梁啟超,給Tagore起了一個中國名字叫竺震旦。 (竺是天竺,古代中國叫印度是天竺,震旦是中國的另一叫法。)(TAGORE was an Indian poet, philosopher, and supporter of freedom for India. In his many poems and songs, he stirred pride among his Hindu countrymen. He also had a strong influence on the West. Tagore was influenced by European models in his writings. He was a mystical and religious poet, and saw God in all beauties of nature. He wrote prose and poetry in the Bengali Language . These have been translated into many languages. Tagore received the 1913 Nobel Prize in Iiterature.)
你可請姥姥替你買一本竺震旦的書看。 《失群的鳥》也有人翻譯成《漂鳥集》或《飛鳥集》。
爸 爸 一九七五年四月二十日
你送來的書、卡片、畫片都收到。
薩摩亞與自挽詩
——獄中給女兒的信選刊之六十
親愛的小文:
南太平洋有十四個小島叫薩摩亞(Samoa is a group of 14 islands in the South Pacific Ocean.),東邊的一堆屬於美國,叫American Samoa,西邊的叫Western Samoa(西薩摩亞),是個小國家,只有台灣的十三分之一大,人口十八萬,它出產的三種主要東西,念起來都有點口吃(結巴,stammer):
一、bananas(香蕉)——nana
二、cacao(可可)——caca
三、coconuts(椰子)——coco
一結結巴巴,就扯不清了,果然出了麻煩。
可可(cacao)是做巧克力(chocolate)和可可粉的,但可可粉的英文是cocoa,這個字看起來好像是coconuts(椰子)做出來的,所以大家都叫做椰子粉,其實只是可可粉,不是椰子粉。 (Because of a mistake in spelling, probably made by English importers many years ago, these beans became known as cocoa beans in English-speaking countries. This causes many people to think the beans come from the coconut palm tree instead of the cacao tree. )
Samoa這地方氣溫很怪,十二月最熱,七月最冷(December is the hottest month and July the coldest.)。 Samoa人喜歡打cricket(板球),但不喜歡打cricket(蟋蟀),板球和蟋蟀,在英文中同一個字。
The crickets are chirping(or are crying).(蟋蟀在叫。)
They are playing a match at cricket.(他們在做板球比賽。)
更喜歡在雨地裡打。 (Samoans love to stay out in a cooling rain.)(Samoans enjoy dancing very much. They also love to play their own version of cricket, a game they learned from the English missionaries. They play cricket with teams that may have from 10 to 300 players, compared to 11 players in normal cricket game.)
男女多穿一種叫lava-lava的裙子,其實就是一塊布,捲成裙子。 (Most Samoan men and some women wear only a lava-lava, a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist like a skirt. Some wear a blouse or shirt with their lava-lava. Most of the women wear dresses, or a skirt and blouse .)
在國會裡開會也穿裙子。
他們的囚犯白天不坐牢,白天照常做自己的事,晚上才到牢里報到。並且監獄也沒有鐵欄杆(Prisoners live in jail without bars.),房子比平常住的還像樣,因為他們平常只住四面通風的fale(open-sided fale),是用椰子樹做材料搭起來的。 (The people live in open-sided fale(house)that have a thatched roof supported by poles. They roll down palm leaf blinds when it rains.)
中國古話說“畫地為牢”(to draw a circle on the ground for a prison, as was done in the “good old days”)、說“夜不閉戶”(There’s no need to close doors at night.)……這些世界大同的標準,西薩摩亞人都做到了。
西薩摩亞人並沒有錢,他們每人每年只有七十五美金,就是每月六塊美金(每天兩毛錢),但他們不需要錢。
《金銀島》(Treasure Island)的作者斯蒂文森(RL Stevenson)九十年前死在西薩摩亞。只活了四十四歲(他的太太比他大十一歲),死前他寫了一首《安魂曲》(Requiem)。 (Requiem-1. A Mass for the repose of a departed soul or souls, 安魂祭(安去世靈魂的彌撒祭)。2. A setting of the Mass for the dead, 安魂曲(即死者彌撒祭時所奏之曲)的一段樂譜。Also, a piece of like character for other words, 又指吊歌、輓歌。3. Any grand musical service of hymn in honor of the dead, 對於死者表示敬意的嚴肅音樂演奏或壯麗的聖歌。)(中國的文學家陶淵明也寫過《自祭文》。)爸爸把它翻譯給你看:
REQUIEM
Under the wide and starry sky
Dig the grave and let me lie.
Glad did I live and gladly die,
And I laid me down with a will.
This be the verse you grave for me:
Here he lies where he longed to be;
Home is the sailor, home from sea,
And the hunter home from the hill.
自挽詩
在星空之下,多麼開朗,
掘一個墳,我就一躺,
我活得痛快,死得清爽,
我一心橫臥,什麼也不想。
請刻這首詩,在我墳場:
他躺的地方,正他所嚮往,
水手已回來,從那海上,
獵人已回來,從那山崗。
畫片上小狗背後刻的詩,就是上面這首。
《金銀島》是一本寫海盜的小說,你一定要看一看。寫得非常好。英文的學校圖書館一定有,中文的翻譯有開明書店的《寶島》和東方出版社的兩種帶注音的《金銀島》。
你給爸爸的信、生日卡都收到,你的成績單也收到,你的好成績爸爸真高興。文學家Henry James once praised Stevenson as “the only man in England who can write a decent English sentence.”(英國祇有他能寫出最好的英文句子)。爸爸盼你在班上也這樣。
爸爸 一九七五年四月二十六日
作者:微笑眼回复日期:2003-05-22 17:43:27
素食種種
——獄中給女兒的信選刊之六十一
親愛的小文:
英文裡有四句詩:
It‘s a very odd thing——
As odd as can be——
That whatever Miss T eats
Turns into Miss T.(Walter de la Mare,“Miss T.”1913)
(那真是頂怪頂怪的事,要怎麼怪怎麼怪,不論T小姐吃什麼,結果都變成了T小姐。)
為什麼嗎?因為Miss T肚子裡來了一套nutrition,中文叫“營養”。最重要的“營養素”(nutrients)是:
一、蛋白質(proteins)——蛋白質是增加和修補身體組織的材料,就好像房子的磚頭一樣。蛋白質不能存在身體裡,所以要每天吃才行。
缺乏蛋白質就要得“垮十奧克爾”病。 kwashiorkor—an often fatal condition of infants and young children caused by a protein deficiency in the diet. It occurs among poorer peoples of the world and cause stunted physical and mental growth, loss of hair pigment, swelling of tissues, etc. 非洲的小黑人很窮,吃的東西只是熱量足,蛋白質不足,所以常得這種病。不但人,動物缺乏了蛋白質也不行,小老鼠缺乏蛋白質就長不大,走起路來也懶洋洋的。
食物中的蛋白質多沒用,還得有“生理價”(Biological value)才行,生理價就是包含“胺基酸”(amino acids)的多少,花生(peanuts)雖然蛋白質比蛋(eggs)多,但生理價卻少,所以蛋的蛋白質最多,因為蛋白質的生理價最多。
動物性的蛋白質比植物性的蛋白質生理價多,所以吃肉少的或吃素的塊頭就小。
“素食主義”(vegetarianism)是很人道的,但缺乏蛋白質,是一個大問題。
很多名人是吃素的,這種人叫vegetarian,十八世紀法國大哲學家、思想家盧梭(Rousseau)是吃素的、十九到二十世紀的俄國文學家托爾斯泰(Leo Tolstoy)是吃素的、十九到二十世紀的英國文學家蕭伯納(George Bernard Shaw)是吃素的、爸爸一再跟你提到過的印度甘地(Gandhi)也是吃素的。吃素的人比較長壽, Shaw活了九十四、Tolstoy活了八十二、Gandhi活了七十八(被刺的)、Rousseau活了六十六(傳說被害),由此可見,蛋白質光吃植物性的好像也夠了。
二、醣類(carbohydrates)——醣類給人energy,人走路、寫字、打架、飛眼、大便……都需要能源,醣類就是電燈的電、汽車的汽油,醣類以糖最多,下面這個表,你可清楚地知道食物中糖佔的百分比:
Sugar 100 Banana 22.0
Rice 90.0 Corn 19.2
Prune 73.3 Potato 18.4
Molasses(cane) 69.3 Grapefruit 14.4
Oatmeal 67.5 Apple 14.2
Lima beans 65.9 Orange 11.6
White bread 53.1 Milk 4.9
whole-wheat bread 49.7 Celery 3.7
三、脂肪(fats)——也給人energy,人用不了,多餘的脂肪便會存下來,於是變成胖了,變成Mr. Five-by-Five,像六姑父一樣,六姑父再胖一點,就和圖片上的大胖子一樣。
四、維生素,就是維他命(vitamins)——維他命不能缺,缺了就生怪毛病,比如兩隻小豬一隻缺了維他命B1,就長得不一樣。缺乏維他命D,就得軟骨病(rickets)。
五、礦物質(minerals)——缺了鈣,牙齒和骨頭就受影響。人身體裡還需要別的許多礦物質。
六、水(water)——水佔人體重的六○%—六五%。有人說女人是水做的,男人是泥做的,其實男女都是水做的。
營養病有兩種,一種是營養不足(malnutrition),一種是吃得太好體重過重(overweight)。
爸 爸 一九七五年五月十日
姥姥和你五月一日信都收到。你的成績比別的小朋友都好,爸爸真高興。
“海外人魚”
——獄中給女兒的信選刊六十三
親愛的小文:
安徒生(Andersen)的童話你看了嗎?童話裡的醜小鴨(The Ugly Duckling)、國王的新衣(The Emperor’s New Clothes),你都記得嗎?安徒生是丹麥(Danmark)人,一八七五年死的,今年正好是一百年。他童話裡的小美人魚(The Little Mermaid),被丹麥人做成銅像,放在首都哥本哈根(Copenhagen)的港口。
美人魚並不是安徒生創造的,美人魚是神話裡的人兒,很早很早就有了。不謀而合的是,中國也有,中國小說《鏡花緣》裡說的“海外人魚”——“上身宛似婦人,下身仍是魚形”,就是她。
英國以前有一家美人魚酒店(Mermaid Tavern, an inn once located on Bread Street, Cheapside, in the heart of old London: a meeting place and inFORMal club for Elizabethan playwrights and poests.),是Shakespeare、Ben Jonson等文學家聚會的地方。 Ben Jonson也坐過牢。
英文mermaid有兩個意思。 1. an imaginary female marine creature,having the head, torso, and arms of a woman and the tail of a fish. 2. a highly-skilled girl swimmer, as a member of a swimming team.游泳游得好也叫mermaid。
小文,你要做美人魚嗎?
下週起信寄家裡,因你放暑假了。
姥姥生日,你代爸爸送禮物。
爸 爸 一九七五年五月二十四日
從鴨嘴獸到水獺(上)
——獄中給女兒的信選刊六十五
一
親愛的小文:
一個半世紀前,科學家剛聽說有一種下蛋的哺乳動物(egg-laying mammal),他們都不相信,說胡扯(a hoax),沒想到世界上真有這麼一種動物,就是“鴨嘴獸”(platypus )。鴨嘴獸只在澳洲(Australia)東海岸才有,澳洲也叫澳大利亞,是一個國家。
澳洲本來跟亞洲連在一起,但在五千萬年以前分開了,所以它自己成為一個特別的地方,老是有些全世界只有它有別人沒有的怪東西,鴨嘴獸就是其中之一。 (Australia has many kinds of strange animals not found on other continents. This is because the bridge of land that once connected Australia with Asia disappeared about 50 million years ago. From then on, most of Australia’s animal life developed independently)
另外一種只有澳洲有的小動物,就是koala,爸爸有一封信專門跟你談過它,你記得嗎?
Koala means “no drink”, and the aboriginal word well describes the gentle marsupial that draws moisture only from its food, the leaves of certain eucalyptus,(油加里樹,也叫桉樹,是常綠喬木,長得很快)or gum trees. With oddly arranged fingers-the first two oppose the other three-a koala clings to a branch in a sanctuary at Waikerie. Phascolarctos cinereous faced extinction by fur hunters until the 1920’s, when conservation laws began to protect the continent’ s dozens of marsupial species.
Koala也叫袋鼠熊(kangaroo bear)。
袋鼠(kangaroo)也只有澳洲有。袋鼠前面兩隻手,很會打拳(boxing),後面兩腳,很能跳,大尾巴在跳的時候可幫忙保持平衡(balance)。
美國有俗語“袋鼠法庭”kangaroo court, US InFORMal. an unauthorized or unofficial court, usually self constituted, as a mock court by prisoners in a jail or a frontier court:…shot down over North Korea in 1952 and condemned to prison by a Red kangaroo court.(Newsweek),類似中文所說的“私設公堂”。以前在Kangaroo州,法官巡迴各地辦案,由這跑到那,很像袋鼠跳來跳去,所以叫袋鼠法庭。 (Kangaroo court:A kangaroo court is an illegal mock or sham court, usually one set up by inmates of a prison to levy fines and punishment on other inmates who violate the “code”. Such organizations, usually very inFORMal in nature, exist in most large prisons and are even encouraged by some wardens as a useful device for maintaining order. The name probably originated at the time when Australia, land of the kangaroo, was the penal colony for the British Empire. The term has occasionally-and inaccurately- been applied to the kind of roadside justice of the peace court which exists only to collect fines from motorists caught in speed traps.)
當然這個kangaroo court是來自有kangaroo的地方才對。澳洲有袋鼠,澳洲以前又是英國的天然監獄,所以kangaroo court的觀念(idea)是從澳洲來的。
英國本來把political prisoners朝美國送的,美國獨立以後,英國要找個地方送prisoners,於是選中澳洲,自一七八七年起,英國在八十年間,送了十六萬八千prisoners到澳洲,當時路上很苦,要走四個月。一七八八年初,prisoners在現在悉尼地方,建了settlement,悉尼就是Sydney,Sydney是當時英國內政大臣的名字,大概是為了拍馬屁,才這麼叫的。
悉尼人口不過二○○萬,世界最大的船也可以開到港裡去,是世界上最好的港口之一,也是澳洲最老資格的城市。
丹麥建築師Utzon設計了Sydney Opera House,後面就是Harbour Bridge,這座橋重五萬噸。
澳洲是脫離英國而獨立的國家,所以受英國影響很重,連國旗裡面都有英國旗。馬路上走,也靠左走,英國就是靠左的(最早宣布澳洲是英國的人是科克船長Captain James Cook,他是發現Hawaii的探險家。五十一歲的時候,在Hawaii被土人殺了。)(Captain James Cook landed at Botany Bay, south of Sydney, in 1770. He claimed Australia’s entire east coast for Great Britain.)
首都堪培拉(Canberra),有一千五百萬以上的樹,它的議會大廈(Parliament House),尤其漂亮。
墨爾本(Melbourne)的名字是一個英國首相的名字,也是拍馬屁來的。它的植物園、美術館,都很有名,有三座大學。本來是首都,一九二七年遷都到堪培拉去了。
澳洲南部有兩個有名的島:
一個是塔斯曼尼亞(Tasmania)島,也曾是英國關prisoners的地方,用了五十年。島上有一種塔斯曼尼亞狼,母的也有袋鼠一樣的袋,不過是裝在背上,不在肚皮上。 The Tasmanian wolf’s genus name, Thylacinus, means “pouched dog”. The female has a pouch which opens backwards and contains four teats. The pouch is large enough to hold four pups, although the usual number of young in a litter is two . The period of gestation is not known, but it is probably a little less than one month. The young are born hairless and blind in an incomplete, almost embryonic state of development. They are carried in the pouch for three months-the duration of their semi embryonic life. The cubs are then deposited in a nest of dry leaves and grass until they are old enough to hunt for themselves.
塔斯曼尼亞有台灣兩倍大,你看台灣多小!島上原有一種大牙齒的土人,現在已絕種了。
另一個島是袋鼠島(Kangaroo Island),島的北邊,就面對阿得雷德(Adelaide)城。它是澳洲考第三的大城。 (Adelaide, South Australia’s capital, is a well planned city, rich in parks and gardens. It is near the great Gulf St. Vincent, 90 miles long, 45 miles across.)
在澳洲東北海岸外面,有一二五○英里長的珊瑚礁(大堡礁,The Great Barrier Reef),有聲有光,景象離奇,非常好看。好看是好看,可是船很難走,科克船長的船曾在這一帶三次遇險。 The Great Barrier Reef is one of Australia’s most popular tourist attractions. It is the largest coral reef in the world, stretching for about 1250 miles along the coast of Queensland. The reef has thousands of islands and underwater coral FORMations. The sandy beaches of the islands and the interesting sea life of the reef mark it an ideal spot for skin diving. 珊瑚礁中有一島叫“綠島”(Green Island),真巧,台灣也有一個綠島!
羊有綿羊(sheep)和山羊(goat)兩種,山羊(billy goat)有鬍子,還有羊騷味(goaty odor)。
羊奶可以造乾酪(cheese)和“牛”油,可以從羊身上得到羊毛。
羊毛出在羊身上(literally)Without a sheep, there can be no wool.—The benefit comes, after all, from a price one has paid. Whatever is the expense, somebody is going to pay for it.做衣服,其他還可吃羊肉、用羊皮、做肥皂、做網球拍……羊的用處多極了! (Sheep yield wool, meat, and leather. They also furnish the raw materials for many byproducts, such as glue, tallow, suet, soap, fertilizer, cosmetics, and the catgut used in stringing tennis rackets.)
澳洲的羊,佔世界第一位。佔全世界六分之一。 (Long famous as a land of sheep, Australia is the world’s leading producer and exporter of wool and mutton and is a major producer and exporter of beef and wheat. Australia is also a highly industrialized country. Large deposits of coal and iron have become the basis for an iron and steel industry, white an expanding economy provides a large domestic market for a wide range of goods and services.)
澳洲平均每個人有十四頭羊(澳洲旁邊的紐西蘭(New Zealand)每人有二十頭),而中國人平均十個人分不到一頭,這太不公平了! (In Australia, there are about 14 sheep for every person. In New Zealand, there are about 20 sheep for every person. Some states in the western United States also have more sheep than people.)
過分的不公平,沒有的人就會叫,這叫“不平則鳴”。 (Those who are discriminated again will complain.)
澳洲比台灣大二二二倍,但人口比台灣還少!
亞洲人口平均每方英里(persons to the square mile)一二二人;澳洲人口平均每方英里四人。
澳洲“得天獨厚”to be particularly favored by nature (said of a land rich in natural resources or a gifted person)卻是從不公平來的。澳洲有“白澳政策”,限制有色人種到他們那兒去。但白種人又少,所以將來問題一定很多,不是鐵蒺藜(barbed-wire fence)攔得住的。澳洲人自己也說:“We’ve got a big, empty country here, and we have to fill it up. You Know,’populate or perish’”
澳洲的政策是錯誤的、自私的(wrong and selfish),這叫“狗佔馬槽”(dog in a manger describes a person who keeps others from using something that he himself cannot use. It comes from Aesop’s fable of a dog that crawled into a manger of hay and prevented a horse from eating, even though dogs do not eat hay.),也叫“佔著毛坑不拉屎”,這種人只希望“不惹睡狗” (Let sleeping dogs lie, means to leave a situation undisturbed.)“維持現狀”“相安無事”。但這怎麼行呢? “每條狗都有得意的一天。”(Every dogs has his day, is an expression used when something pleasant happens to a person, especially one who has been having bad luck.)別的狗會睡醒,澳洲雖然是down-under(在世界另一邊),別的窮狗還是會咬到它的。
爸 爸 一九七五年六月八日
我的本領就是臭
獄中給女兒的信選刊六十八
親愛的小文:
中文成語: 各人自掃門前雪(Everybody minds his own business.),休管他人瓦上霜(the frost on neighbor’s roof-none of one’s business.)。用英文來說,就是Let every man skin his own skunk.(讓每個人剝他自己的臭鼬的皮)。
臭鼬以它的自衛(self-defense;to defend oneself)方法出名,它可以從十二英尺遠,由屁股眼射出臭水,立刻臭氣沖天(stinking smell assaulting one’s nostrils),除非你和它臭味相投(persons of similar(atrocious)taste;a meeting of(dirty)minds),否則一定大敗而逃。
驢用腳自衛,狗用嘴自衛,像用鼻子自衛,臭鼬用屁股眼自衛。
臭鼬所向無敵(to encounter no significant opponent on the way;undefeatable;invincible),除了一種大角貓頭鷹(great horned owl)不怕它臭以外,誰都怕。
臭鼬的臭水蘊藏量(deposit)豐富,可以連發六次,好像人類的左輪手槍(左輪可連發六次,所以也叫six-shooter),但人類的手槍要執照(a license),臭鼬的水槍卻自由。
被臭鼬的水槍命中(to hit the target)以後,要用汽油或番茄汁才能洗淨。
一二三,
四五六。
我是小臭鼬,
本領就是臭。
從東臭到西,
從左臭到右,
誰惹就臭誰,
除非你帶汽油番茄汁,
否則臭你一下就沒救。
無獨有偶(It happens that there is a similar case.),植物中有一種叫skunkweed或skunk cabbage的,也臭得要死,意思是臭鼬草,中國叫地湧金蓮,也叫坐禪草。
skunk cabbage. 1. A broad-leaved plant, of the arum family, which sends up in the spring a spathe of a disgusting odor, 地湧金蓮(天南星科之闊葉植物,春季發佛焰花,其味令人作嘔)。 2. A somewhat similar plant of the Pacific coast states, 觀音蓮(美國太平洋沿岸各州所產與地湧金蓮略同之植物)。
爸 爸 一九七五年八月十日
從鴨嘴獸到水獺(下)
二
親愛的小文:
你這次信封上寫的中文很有進步。
鴨嘴獸只有澳洲有,水獺卻只有澳洲沒有。
水獺是OTTER,is a fur-bearing animal that spends much of its time in the water. Otters are related to the weasels and are carnivorous(flesh-eating)mammals. They live on all continents except Australia. They are divided into two groups , river otters and sea otters.
人會仰泳(backstroke),但水獺卻更神氣,它會仰吃,它在水里“仰面朝天”地吃,這才叫“仰不愧天”(to feel no shame before God)呢!
水獺還是一個會用工具的傢伙(a tool user),牠吃蛤蜊(clam),會朝石頭上敲,你說它多聰明!
每隻水獺的皮,可賣到二千五百美金,就是台灣十萬塊。全世界都不准殺牠,所以它的皮就特別值錢。人死了,臭皮沒人要,但許多動物死了,皮卻成了“千金裘”,這真是“豹死留皮”啊!
豹死留皮(literally)A leopard leaves behind its skin when it dies. A man has a reputation to leave to posterity when he dies.
爸 爸 一九七五年八月十七日
飛上枝頭看飛枝
——獄中給女兒的信選刊六十九
親愛的小文:
爸爸坐牢前一年(一九七○),太平洋(Pacific Ocean)裡有一個小國獨立了,她只有台灣一半大,名字叫飛枝(Fiji),她原是英國的,所以國旗裡頭有四分之一的地方是英國國旗。
飛枝有兩個大島,八○○個小島。加在一塊兒叫飛枝群島(Fiji Islands)。
飛枝共有五十萬人,裡頭有中國人。
飛枝的國都叫Suva(Capital and Commercial Center of the Fiji Island is Suva. Banks, office, and stores are located in central Suva.)。
飛枝的警察若跑到台灣來,一定被台灣的警察抓起來,罪名是“有傷風化”(harmful to public morals)——因為飛枝的警察穿裙子,這種裙子叫sulu,裙子很瘦,下面是鋸齒(teeth of a saw)狀的,怪裡怪氣,台灣的警察一看一定大生氣特生氣,於是就抓起來了。
所以大概飛枝警察不敢到台灣來。
飛枝的男人也有裙子穿,這種裙子叫tapa skirts,比較短上面有花。他們當然也“有傷風化”,所以也不敢到台灣來。
現代的飛枝人雖然怕台灣警察,膽子很小,但他們以前膽子可不小,他們是吃人肉的(cannibals——A human being that eats human flesh吃人肉的人;by extension, any animal that eats its own kind,廣義來說,吃同類的動物),還是獵頭的(head-hunters. head-hunting, n. The custom, characteristic esp. of heathen Malayan peoples, of decapitating enemies and preserving their heads as trophies. 奉異教的馬來民族所特有的斬敵人頭留作戰勝紀念品的習俗)。
世界上土人有的吃人肉不獵頭,有的獵頭不吃人肉,飛枝的土人兩樣全來,真兇來兮(兮,an adjunct with no independent meaning,roughly equivalent to “Oh”or“Ah ” in English.)。
以前台灣的土人,除蘭嶼的雅美族以外,都獵頭,不吃肉。他們獵到一個最有名的頭就是吳鳳的(吳鳳,Wu Feng, an official who, when head hunting was still common among the aborigines of Taiwan, ended the practice at the cost of his own life in 1768.)。
這樣看來,台灣的警察大概也不敢到飛枝去,因為搞不好,飛枝人發起瘋來,野蠻復興,兩樣來一樣,台灣的警察都吃不消(cannot stand or bear;too much to take or endure)。
Fijians once were cannibals and head-hunters, Most of them are now Christians, but they still observe local customs. They make outrigger canoes from hollowed logs. They also manufacture pottery and personal ornaments of shell, bone, and boar’s tusks. A small clan living near Viti Levu still practices the ancient custom of fire walking. PerFORMers do not walk on fire, but on hot stones. Fijians drink kava(yanggona in Fijian), a strong but non-in toxicating drink made from the root of a pepper plant. The drink partially numbs the tongue and lips. Fijians use it as part of most ceremonies. They celebrate every occasion with dancing.
Most Fijians grow crops or catch fish for a living, but many work for the Europeans as clerks, carpenters, and police. People of Indian descent grow most of the island’s sugarcane, and they also keep dairy cattle. Miners take gold, copper , and iron from the rocks of the lager island. The Fiji Island produce coconuts, sugar, gold, timber, and tobacco. They ship tropical fruits to Australia and New Zealand. Most eastern Fiji Islands are volcanic. They only industry there is making copra (dried coconut meat).
爸 爸 一九七五年九月七日
[後記]這封信中所引有關吳鳳的英文解說,自然是從“神話”立論的。事實上,吳鳳是因背約、罵人、與曹族格鬥下被殺的。詳見連橫《吳鳳列傳》。
古國神遊
——獄中給女兒的信選刊七十
親愛的小文:
埃及(Egypt)是非洲國家。但她伸了一隻胳臂到亞洲,這胳臂就是西奈半島(Sinai)。胳肢窩(armpit)那裡開了條塊100 miles長的蘇伊士運河(the Suez Canal)。蘇伊士運河縮短了從英國到印度的距離,縮短6000 miles。
蘇伊士運河挖了十年才挖成,現在已經一○六歲了。挖它的人是法國外交家李希普(De Lesseps),他在六十四歲那年挖成。他有挖運河的癮,又去挖巴拿馬運河(the Panama Canal),結果公司倒閉,差點坐牢,因為他八十四歲了,所以免了。
中國的隋煬帝,也喜歡挖運河,後來也倒了黴。大概土地神不喜歡人家挖他。
埃及的棉花最有名。
埃及的首都是開羅(Cairo),已經有一三三五年曆史(AD 640年就有了)。
Cairo bazaars很有名,bazaar是東方的小工藝品商店(1. In the East, an exchange, market place, or assemblage of shops, 市場、商場(東方的)。2. A spacious hall or suite of rooms for the sale of goods, as at a fair, 百貨商場。also, a fair for the sale of fancy wares, toys, etc. commonly for a charitable object, 又指售賣珍玩以充善舉的市場)。
埃及最有名的是三十五座金字塔(pyramid)。
金字塔有十個足球場那麼大。
金字塔是埃及國王(埃及叫法老Pharaoh)的墳,裡面有金銀財寶,所以老是被偷。所以以後的埃及國王就不蓋金字塔了。
金字塔要四十萬人蓋二十年。古時候人對修墳可真有耐心,小文你記得爸爸跟你談過的印度那座大墳Taj Mahal嗎?那墳也蓋了二十多年才蓋好。
金字塔前面的獅身人面像,叫Sphinx(the “Strangler”)。最有名的Sphinx故事是叫人猜謎語的故事。
謎語是什麼東西又四隻腳又兩隻腳又三隻腳,後來Oedipus猜出來了。 (SPHINX, in Greek mythology, a winged monster with the body of a lion and the head and breast of a woman. According to the myth, the Sphinx destroyed the passersby from the Greek city of Thebes when they failed to guess her riddle:“ What is four-footed in the morning, two-footed at noon, three-footed in the evening?”Oedipus solved the riddle by replying:“Man, who in childhood creeps on hands and knees, in manhood walks erect, and in old age uses a staff.”The Sphinx, hearing this, threw herself from a rock and perished, and Oedipus thus became the liberator of Thebes and was made its king.)
法老們不用金字塔以後,開始在地底下挖墳。一九二二年,考古學家Howard Carter(an English archaeologist, specialized in excavating ancient Egyptian tombs)挖到了小法老Tutankhamen的墳——三三○○年前的寶貝全部出土。小法老十八歲就死了,裝在金棺材裡,棺材蓋是用金子做的小法老的全身雕像。墳共有四個房間,在中挖成的,裡面寶貝多極了,琳瑯滿目。 (Good gems fill the eyes, a vast array of beautiful and fine things.)小法老Tutankhamen的名字,在三三○○年後,名聞全世界。 Will Rogers(爸爸跟你談過的美國牛仔哲學家,印地安祖先)甚至把Tutankhamen這個名詞(noun)當動詞(verb)來用。他說:
If the father of our country, George Washington, was Tutankhamen tomorrow, and, after being aroused from his tomb, was told that the American people today spend two billion dollars yearly on bathing material, he would say,“What got’em so dirty ?”
埃及有全世界最長的河尼羅河(Nile River),埃及為了利用尼羅河,自一九六○年起用十億美金蓋了大水庫,叫阿斯旺水庫(阿斯旺壩The Aswan High Dam)(台灣的石門水庫只是一億美金),有了阿斯旺水庫,會使尼羅河的水存起來。但這樣一來,許多埃及的古蹟都要被淹,尤其是有名的四千年前的大廟阿布辛拜勒(Abu Simbel)。於是進行搶救,全世界五十個國家捐了一千七百萬美金救它,救的方法是朝上搬家。於是,這座待在那兒四千年的大廟,就被鋸成一塊一塊的,用起重機搬了家。
這個大廟裡面的名堂很多,設計奇特。每年有兩次,陽光照進法老石像的臉上。大廟外面這四個大石像也都是這法老,這法老叫Ramesses II(Ramses II, Ramesses II),在位時間是公元前十三世紀(reigned 1290-1224 BC),他把他自己做成四胞胎,替自己的廟守門,他老傢伙誰也不信,只信自己。四千年前,他把古人忙得臭死;四千年後,他又把今人忙得臭死,他真有辦法,他真行。
爸 爸 一九七五年九月二十日
古希臘的輝煌
獄中給女兒的信選刊七十一
親愛的小文:
愛倫坡(Edgar Allan Poe,1809 1849)是West Point(西點軍校)開除的,但後來西點拍他馬屁,給他立了銅像。你在西點時注意到了嗎?他是美國文學家,活到爸爸這個年紀(四十歲)就死了,他最會寫神秘和偵探小說,他是給神秘和偵探小說開山的人。他也是詩人,他十四歲寫了一首有名的詩《給海倫》(To Helen),詩裡最有名的句子是:
你水仙花的頭髮,古典的臉,
水神的風華,把我帶到
古希臘的輝煌
古羅馬的壯麗
Thy hyacinth hair, thy classic face,
Thy Naiad airs, have brought me home
To the glory that was Greece
And the grandeur that was Rome
希臘文化是西方文化(Western Civilization)的老祖宗;是西方文化的姥姥的姥姥的姥姥的姥姥。現在西方文化和希臘文化息息相關(related as closely as each breath is to the next)到處可以看到。
比方說Poe這首詩裡提到hyacinth就是希臘的美少年Hyacinthus。用鐵餅(discus)誤殺Hyacinthus的,就是太陽神阿波羅(Apollo)。
Apollo無所不在,到處插一腳,他雖然是神,可是也參加人的糾紛。前面Poe的詩給Helen,她惹出Trojan war、她是天仙化人(as beautiful as an angel from heaven;a stunning beauty)因為她本是Apollo的爸爸Zeus(Jupiter)的私生女。 Trojan war就是後來《木馬屠城記》的故事。 Troy城是個倒霉的城,前後一千八百年間,被毀九次,Helen那次只是第六次。考古家希勒曼(H. Schliemann)不知道Troy城有這麼多,他挖過了頭,挖到了木馬屠城記以前的城更早千年的城。
在《木馬屠城記》中,Apollo是幫守城的一邊。 Apollo的Priest叫Laocoon,他警告說木馬有問題,不要信Greeks。即使他們帶禮物來,但Laocoon和他兒子共三個被兩條海蛇咬死了,結果他的警告沒人信,最後木馬拖進城來,半夜裡,Greeks都從肚子裡跳出來了。
英文諺語A cat has nine lives.(貓有九命)City with nine lives是套這一諺語。
中國人說 人非聖賢,孰能無過?但外國人卻說聖賢也有過,在英文中,這Even Homer nods.。 Even Homer sometimes nods.(連荷馬也打磕睡)荷馬是第一個西方作家,是個瞎子(中國最老的作家之一左丘明Tso Chiu-ming也是個瞎子!)荷馬活的時候窮得討飯,死後有七個城拍他的馬屁,說荷馬是他們老鄉。
Seven wealthy towns contend for Homer dead,
Through which the 1iving Homer begg’d his bread.
Thomas Seward:On Homer(1788)
荷馬的Odyssey裡說Greeks從Troy回來,路上經過乾辛萬苦。他們的大英雄是Odysseus(英文多叫他Odysses),帶著Greeks逃離了Lotus-Eaters等等要命的地方。
中國的王寶釧等她丈夫回來,等了十八年。她的紀錄被Odysseus的老婆Penelope打破,Penelope等了她丈夫二十年。 Odysseus回來的時候,只有老狗還認識他。
Troy城雖然跟希臘扯不清,但它卻不在希臘島上,它在土耳其。
希臘島上的大城是雅典(Athens),這名字是跟智慧女神雅典娜(Athena)來的。你重看一次爸爸六三、五、三一給你的信,注意運貓頭鷹到雅典那一段,在Trojan war中,雅典娜幫Greeks這一邊,她派出兩條海蛇,咬死了Laocoon父子,可見她花樣很多。她的爸爸也是Zues。 Zeus因為怕她太聰明,在她出生前,把她媽媽Metis吃了,但是沒用,雅典娜還是從她爸爸頭頂上跑了出來。
崇拜雅典娜的最有名的是公元前五世紀的巴希農神殿(Partheon),在衛城(The Acropolis)上面,是最有名的希臘建築。 The Acropolis rises proudly on 180-foot hill above the Attic Plain. The Parthenon and many large buildings were built in Golden Age of Pericles, 2400 years ago. The Acropolis上面還有許多別的建築,像The Caryatids等。
Apollo、Helen、Athena三個人的爸爸Zeus就是天神,中國的老天爺,他是一個風流鬼,跟十五個女人生了二十一個小孩,每個小孩都是名流。十五個女人中,他只跟三個結了婚,其他都沒有。他的兄弟就是閻王爺(Pluto)。
希臘的建築後來被人學,到處都是。英國哲學家AN Whitehead有一段說這種希臘其實最不希臘,因為希臘人並不學人家。 (The most un-Greek thing we can do is copy the Greeks. For emphatically they were not copyists.)
小文你再把六四、五、三一爸爸的信找出來,看看蘇格拉底等Philosophers和Alexander the Great關係。 Alexander the Great是希臘最有名的皇帝,他從Macedenia老家,一直打到了印度,他使希臘文化普及到好多地方。
Zeus有一個兒子,叫Heracles,說Heracles的後代就是Alexander the Great,所以老是和Zeus有關係。
Alexander the Great打到Turkey中部的時候,cut the Gordian knot(an intricate knot tied by Gordius, king of Phrygia, to be undone only by the person who should rule Asia. Alexander the Great cut it through with his sword.)在中文,這叫決刀斬亂麻(to find and use a quick, easy way out of a difficulty)。
跟Alexander the Great的老師Aristotle同時,另有一派哲學家,他們是cynic,就是憤世嫉俗的人。 Diogenes白天點了燈籠在大街上找人,就表示現在是黑暗,人也不
是人。 Alexander the Great去拜訪Diogenes,Diogenes卻叫皇帝走開,別擋他的太陽。
Alexander the Great很幕羨這位滿不在乎的哲學家,因此才說了這麼一句捧人也自捧的話如果我不是亞歷山大,我就想做Diogenes. (If I were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes.)他真會說話呵!
希臘到處是古蹟,所以令人懷古。
希臘有四三七個島,島佔全國的面積五分之一,全國祇有台灣一個半大,人口只有台灣三分之二。
愛吾宗(evzones)的製服是希臘的招牌。
爸 爸 一九七五年十月十二日
Rome下週寫
“古羅馬的壯麗”
——獄中給女兒的信選刊七十二
親愛的小文:
Rome(羅馬)是現在Italy(意大利)國的首都,也是古代Rome帝國的首都,所以這個字,又是城的名字,又是國的名字。
英文中帶羅馬的詞兒很多,Roman Nose、Roman numerals……你慢慢都會碰到。帶羅馬的成語也很多。條條大路通羅馬! (All roads lead to Rome.)
羅馬人喜歡修路,留下的大路最有名的是Appian Way。 Appian Way is the old highway to Rome from the south, lined with cypress tress.大路通到羅馬以後,就要In Rome do as the Romans do.,這就是中文“過路問禁,入鄉問俗”的意思,否則就變成了土包子。
到了羅馬,可真好看,到處是古蹟。這正是羅馬不是一天造成的(Rome was not built in a day.)。
在地圖上你注意Pompeii那個地方。一千九百年前,Vesuvius火山爆發,把Pompeii活埋了。但這一埋卻保存了一個兩千年前完整的古城。現在這個城的一半已經給挖了出來,使人類看到了兩千年前古城的原樣,小文你說,多有意思呀!
羅馬把希臘的神都全部搬到自己家裡來,所以也有Apollo的廟。
羅馬建築是抄希臘的,但是加了兩點花樣。第一點花樣是“拱”(arch);第二點是“混凝土”(concrete)。
古羅馬圓形競技場叫The Colosseum,是人給獅子吃的地方。 Roman Holiday(羅馬假期)表示看人受罪以為樂,就是這麼來的,最喜歡Roman Holiday的是羅馬皇帝尼祿(Nero),有人說他放火燒了羅馬,還出來一句英文成語:To fiddle while Rome is burning.
羅馬本來信很多神,但是Christians(基督徒)跑出來說別的不要信,只信他們的God,結果在Nero時候,大抓Christians,Christians嚇得躲到catacombs(墓窖)裡。因為羅馬法規定不准打擾死人,所以羅馬兵不會跑去抓。
羅馬兵穿得很神氣。
羅馬最有名的將軍是凱撒(Julius Caesar),凱撒也是歷史家,也是婦產科醫生最頭痛的對象。 ——因為凱撤的媽媽生不下來他,只好開刀從肚子裡取出來。叫剖腹取子手術(Caesarian operation;Caesarian section)。
從凱撒身上,出來許多英文名句子,像:
1. to cross the Rubicon——孤注一擲;勝敗一舉;採取斷然手段(the Rubicon是意大利中部的一條河)。
2. Veni,vidi,vici. (I came, I saw, I conquered.——“我來了,我看到了,我征服了。”(凱撒名言。)
3. Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar’s;and unto God the things that are God’s. ——“凱撒的東西還給凱撒,上帝的東西還給上帝。”(這是《馬太福音》中記耶酥的話。凱撒不但是指Julius Caesar,也指一般的羅馬皇帝。)
英文中七月July就是從凱撒名字Julius來的。七月有三十一天也是他的傑作。
凱撒打Egypt後,被埃及女皇Cleopatra迷住。凱撒被刺後,他的部下Antony又被Cleopatra迷住。所以法國哲學家Pascal說:如果Cleopatra的鼻子短一點,整個世界的臉蛋都變了。 (If the nose of Cleopatra had been a little shorter the whole face of the world would have been changed.)
還有一個羅馬將軍叫Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus(?—290B.C.),他拖垮了羅馬大號敵人漢尼拔(Hannibal)。
羅馬對面有古國迦太基(Carthage),與羅馬打了Punic Wars,前後扯扯拉拉,打了一一八年。 Hannibal是Carthage的將軍,他本領真大,他帶了三十七條象,越過Pyrenees大山,Rhone大河,從Rome背後打進來。 Rome沒見過象,把象叫做“像一座房子那麼大的”野獸,嚇都嚇昏了,哪裡打得過。幸虧Rome的Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullinnus將軍用了不正面作戰和堅壁清野(to fortify the defense works and to leave nothing usable to the invading enemy)的法子,才在最後打敗Hannibal。
這種gradually,影響到兩千年後的英國的費邊社(Fabian Society),影響到英國工黨。
費邊社的人才,爸爸跟你談過GBS(George Bernard Shaw,蕭伯納),現在再介紹兩位。 1.英國小說家:威爾斯(H.G.Wells),2.英國社會學家:碧特萊絲·韋伯夫人
(Beatrice Webb)。
羅馬用的是拉丁(Latin)文。最早羅馬人的土包子說他不懂希臘文(Greek)。英文成語It is Greek to me.意思是I can’t understand it.。羅馬人後來什麼都要Greek,最後乾脆用起希臘文來,不喜歡用自己的拉丁文了。
希臘羅馬因為文化混在一起,所以一般都說Greco-Roman,像Greco-Roman Civilization,Greco-Roman Wrestling等。
爸 爸 一九七五年十月十九日
波瀾N多的波蘭
——獄中給女兒的信選刊之七十三
親愛的小文:
你彈過蕭邦Frederic Francois Chopin(一八一○——一八四九)的作品嗎? Chopin是波蘭人。只活了三十九歲。 Chopin played the piano in public when only eight years old. He began to compose soon afterward. He studied at the Warsaw Conservatory from 1826 to 1829 before leaving Poland in 1830. He settled in Paris in 1831, and, except for some travel, he lived there the rest of his life.
波蘭夾在德國俄國之間,老是被侵略、被瓜分、被瓜剖豆分([of a county] to be divided or split like a melon or a bean;to be partitioned)。
Chopin音樂激起波蘭人的愛國心。
The poles also have an insatiable appetite for translations of Molière and Shaw and for their own 19th-century dramatists who wrote from exile, when their country was partitioned among three neighboring empires.
The plays, novels, and music of this period helped keep the Poles’ sense of nationhood alive. One composer, in particular, has stirred polish pride through the dark years, He, of course, is Chopin, whose birthplace at Zelazowa Wola, 28 miles west of Warsaw, is a national shrine. here, every Sunday in the spring and summer, the public is invited to a Chopin concert.
波蘭在一七七二、一七九三、一七九五、一九三九年前後被瓜分四次。一九一四年被瓜分了以後,地圖上沒有波蘭了。一九四五年蘇聯(Russia/USSR)分了波蘭東邊,卻把德國東邊補給波蘭。所以波蘭“失之東隅,收之桑榆”(to suffer a loss in one place but make a gain somewhere else)。
蘇聯這種作風,叫“慷他人之慨”(to show generosity or unselfishness by another’s wealth;to be generous at the expense of others)。爸爸在四、六信中跟你談過,英文叫Rob Peter to pay Paul(搶彼得賠保羅)。
波蘭的首都是華沙(Warsaw),Warsaw, Warsaw, Warsaw可真saw了war。二次世界大戰,華沙城全毀,人死了四分之一。
葛單斯克(Gdańsk)在德文叫但澤(Danzig),是造船中心,這個城和波蘭走廊(Polish Corridor)過去都是世界大新聞,因為它們老是和德國扯不清。
POLISH CORRIDOR is a historic strip of land that was once the ancient polish province of Pomorze. Poland lost the province to Prussia in 1772. When Prussia become a German state in 1871, the area fell into German control.
After World War I, the Versailles Treaty established the corridor of land to give Poland free access to the Baltic Sea. The corridor separated East Prussia and the port city of Danzig from the rest of Germany. In 1939, Germany regained control of the area when Nazi troops invaded Poland. After World War II, the corridor was returned to Poland.
波蘭成為天主教國家已一千年,Most Poles are Roman Catholics, and religion is important in their lives, Poland has been a Christian country for 1000 years.
波蘭的瓷器很有名,瓷器又叫china,所以,可以說,Poland的china很有名。
小文你還記得爸爸跟你談過的一種豬叫Poland China嗎? Poland Chinas gain weight rapidly and make excellent meat hogs. Farmers in Ohio developed the Poland China breed.
Kraków是波蘭的文化城,以前是首都(Kraków is the traditional capital of polish culture)波蘭天文學家哥白尼(Copernicus)就是在這個城裡出頭的。
Copernicus skillfully applied this new idea in his masterpiece, Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres(1543). In this book, Copernicus demonstrated how the earth’s motions could be used to explain the motions of other heavenly bodies. His theory laid the foundations for the telescopic discoveries of Galileo, the planetary laws of Johannes Kepler, and the gravitation principle of Sir Isaac Newton.
Copernicus was born in the city of Thorn(now Toruń, Poland), and attended the University of Kraków.
波蘭人跑到外國成名的:
①在法國有居里夫人Marie Sklodowska Curie(1867——1934),Polish chemist and physicist in France, wife of Pierre Curie, Madame Curie. 她是做下女出身的,苦學成功。她是唯一一個人得過兩次Noble Prize的科學家。她的大女兒Iréne後來也得了Nobel Prize;小女兒Ève. Her life of her mother, Madame Curie(1937), had a great and immediate success, as did Among Warriors(1943).
②在英國有康拉德Joseph Conrad(一八五七——一九二四)。
Joseph Conrad的爸爸和一個叔叔都因為反抗俄國,被俄國人抓去,死在牢裡(exiled to Siberia)。他原跟他爸爸住在Cracow(就是Kraków),不到四歲時,爸爸被抓,他和媽媽也跟著到了俄國的Siberia(西伯利亞)——政治犯可以帶家屬在一起。
他八歲時,媽媽死,十一歲時,爸爸死,他流浪到歐洲,一直做水手。
他二十歲以前不會英文,後果卻變成了英國大文學家。
他最有名的小說是《吉姆老爺》(Lord Jim)和《黑暗的心》(Heart of Dark)。家裡都有。
③在美國有魯賓斯坦Artur Rubinstein,爸爸跟你談過的大鋼琴家。
波蘭最有名的文學家是顯克維支Henryk Sienkiewicz(一八四六——一九一六),他用Rome的Nero做故事,寫成了《暴君焚城錄》(Quo Vadis,也叫《你往何處去》),這本書和前面居里夫人女兒給她媽媽寫的那本Madame Curie,你都該看。家裡都有。
爸 爸 一九七五年十月二十六日
登天梯
——獄中給女兒的信選刊之七十四
親愛的小文:
你注意到警察局裡消防車上的雲梯(ladder)了嗎?那種梯子升起來很高,可高出一百英尺。美國underworld slang把ladder叫做Jacob,你知道是誰嗎?
Jacob was the son of Isaac, and the father of the 12 sons who founded the Twelve Tribes of Israel, according to the Old Testament. He bought his older brother Esau’s birthright with a bowl of savory stew(“mess of pottage”) . Later, Jacob enforced his claim by pretending to his blind and aged father that he himself was Esau. Thus, he obtained from Isaac the words of blessing Isaac had meant for Esau. Esau was so angry that Jacob fled for his life.
On the way to his uncle Laban, Jacob slept at a place called Bethel, where he dreamed of a wonderful ladder between heaven and earth. In the dream, God promised to protect and bless him while he was away from home. Much encouraged, Jacob went on to Laban’s home. There he fell on love with Laban’s daughter, Rachel. But Laban forced Jacob to marry hid older daughter. Leah, before he could have Rachel for his wife. After working 20 years for Laban, Jacob left for home.
On the way, Jacob prayed all night until God reassured him that Esau would spare his life. Esau met him with forgiveness, and they parted good friends. Jacob spent his last years in Egypt, where his son Joseph brought him to live.
Esau was the son of Isaac and Rebecca, and twin brother of Jacob in the Bible. He is a main character in many stories found in Genesis 25-33. The best known are Jacob’s cheating him out of his birthright for a“mess of pottage”(Gen.25:27-34), and the loss of his blessing through the plotting of his mother and brother(Gen.27). Esau was reconciled to Jacob after the latter’s return to Palestine 20 years later.
Biblical history regards Esau as the founder of the Edomite nation.
Jacob就是現在以色列(Israel)人的老老老老老老老老老老……老祖宗。
Mess of pottage就是“因小失大”、“得不償失”、“劃不來”的意思。
A Jacob’s ladder is a ladder made of rope or cable, usually with wooden rungs. It is dropped over the side of a ship to enable people to ascend from or descend to small boats alongside. Harbor pilots usually come aboard via a Jacob’ s ladder.
The Jacob’s ladder gets its name from an incident in the Book of Genesis(28:12). The patriarch Jacob falls asleep and the a vision:“And he dreamed, and behold a ladder set up on the earth, and he top of it reached to heaven;and behold the angels of God ascending and descending on it.”
Jacob’s ladder has been used in at least two other quite earthly meanings. A small plant with a flower-and-leaf FORMation resembling a ladder bears this name. In England, also what we Americans call“runs”in hosiery were FORMerly called Jacob’s ladders. Nowadays they are simply ladders.
Jacob’s ladder可以登天,所以美國黑社會的thieves’ Latin(盜賊的隱語,切口)就把梯子叫Jacob。
植物裡頭花蔥屬(polemoniums)中的一種就叫Jacob’s ladder,因為它們有ladderlike leaves。
爸爸 一九七五年十一月一日