美国投资环境;美国投资环境优势

美国投资环境;美国投资环境优势
最发达的经济体和吸收外国投资最多的国家，美国投资环境,具有如下优势：
发达的经济体
美国是世界上规模最大和最发达的经济体，人均GDP为4.2万美元。美国的市场体制、法律制度和税收体系,给外国投资者充分的经营自由。
美国吸引外国经营和投资的环境的主要指数,持续排名最佳或接近最佳。
世界经济论坛发布的《全球竞争力报告》显示，美国一直是世界上最具竞争力、最具创新和最开放的经济体之一。
在世界银行和国际金融公司（IFC）最新公布的《2012年营商报告》显示，美国整体营商环境,在全球183个经济体中,排名第4位，仅次于新加坡、中国香港,和新西兰。
巨大的消费市场
美国作为一个具有诱惑力的庞大市场，跨国公司在美国投资,将拉近它们与供应商和消费者的距离。美国的货物消费市场,占据全球总量的42%，人均可支配收入为3.2万美元。美国与18个合作伙伴,签订了自由贸易协定，外国投资者可借由美国,更便利地进入相关国家市场。
全球研发中心
美国是全球创新的中心。巴特尔纪念研究所（Bettelle Memorial Institute）估算，2010年,美国研发支出为3958亿美元，高居全球第一。
据诺贝尔基金会统计，自2000年以来，美国在科学领域获得的诺贝尔奖数量,超过了其他所有国家的总和，约45%的诺贝尔化学、医学、物理奖得主,在美国从事其获奖领域的研究工作。每年,美国收到的专利申请数量,超过全世界其余国家和地区申请数量的总和。
全球技术领先地位
美国在技术、研发和创新等方面处于全球领先地位，外国投资者在美国,更容易获取较高回报。美国市场对外国生产、创意、创新持开放态度。在《商业周刊》评选的全球最大100家信息科技（IT）公司中，有45家是美国公司。世界经济论坛全球竞争力指数显示，美国在创新、市场效率、高等教育、综合经商方面,均名列第一。
知识产权保护
外国企业来美国进行研发，将其创新成果商业化，美国将为其提供强大的知识产权保护和严格的执法制度。2010年，在美国专利商标局授予的36.5万项专利中，有67%的专利申请,来自国外。
教育优势
《时代高等教育增刊》报道，全球排名前10位的大学中,有6所在美国。美国共有4000余所大专院校，约5600万美国人,获得学士及以上学位。美国大学和科研机构,招收了50多万名留学生，约占全球留学生总数的四分之一。很多社区学院为在本地投资的外国企业,提供量身定制的培训。
劳动生产率持续提高
在美国，投资者可以利用受过良好教育、生产效率高、适应能力强的劳动力资源。2000年以来，美国企业生产率,以年均3.2%的速度增长。1992－2006年间，美国劳动生产率年均增速,高于西方七国集团（G7）的其他成员。
完善的基础设施
在全球最大的10个经济体中，美国拥有最大的公路、铁路网络以及最多的机场。全球航空货运量最大的10个机场中,有5个在美国。美国拥有世界上最繁忙的国际散货和集装箱装卸港口。
移民国家的多元文化氛围
美国是一个多元文化共存的国家，众多外国人,在此学习、生活、投资。作为一个移民国家，美国拥有容纳世界多元文化元素的习惯，承诺以公平和平等的方式,对待外国投资者。
美国吸引外资的行政架构
联邦层面
2011年6月15日，美国总统奥巴马颁布行政命令，宣布发起“选择美国倡议”（SelectUSA Initiative），成立由美国商务部牵头、23个部门参与的“联邦部际投资工作小组”，旨在通过鼓励和支持在美国投资，实现创造就业、拉动经济增长。
美国商务部下设“选择美国（SelectUSA）”办公室，负责提升在联邦层面,协调吸引外国投资的力度。在联邦层面，美国商务部,建有介绍美国投资环境的官方网站www.selectusa.gov。
州和地方政府层面
美国各州拥有立法权，各地外资政策、外企设立程序、税收等法律法规等,存在一定差异。各州（市、郡）商务厅（局）或经济发展署等部门,设有专门机构，具体提供外商投资服务事宜。有意赴美国投资者,可登陆www.selecusa.gov首页，查找到全美国各州商务主管部门的官方网站[5]。
近年来，随着经贸关系日益密切，阿肯色、加利福尼亚等26个州（市）,在华设立了31家代表处，中国企业可以通过联系上述驻华机构,获取赴美国投资信息[6]。
“选择美国”网站介绍
有赴美国投资初步意向的中国企业和个人,提供入门基础信息，该网站旨在联邦层面,展示美国作为全球最佳商业地点的有关情况，为投资者了解美国投资整体环境、查询联邦投资政策等提供便利，籍此吸引外国投资。
网站内容
1、可搜索、查询联邦政府为在美经营企业提供的各类项目、服务，其中包括：政府支持、贷款及贷款担保、税收优惠政策等。网站还提供了美国主要行业概述。
2、详细介绍企业在美国经营的各类优势。
3、以地图形式，与全美国各州政府主管投资事务部门的网站建立链接。
具体栏目
1、行业概览。根据行业划分，简要介绍18个行业的基本情况，提供相关行业协会网址链接。具体包括：航空、汽车、生物技术、化学、消费品、创意及媒体、能源、环保科技、金融服务、卫生医药技术、物流交通、机械设备、药品、专业服务、零售业、软件及信息技术、纺织品、旅游观光。
2、为什么选择美国？简述投资美国的9大优势：全球最大经济体、最具吸引力的商业和投资环境、领先的消费市场、巨大的国内需求、研究创新中心、顶尖高校云集、信息技术制高点、保护知识产权、劳动力受过良好教育,生产效率高。
3、联邦投资优惠政策。可根据关键词组合，搜索美国联邦政府为商业投资提供的各类项目介绍、具体支持措施以及优惠政策。
4、案例介绍。简述大众、宜家等外国公司,以及杜邦、卡特彼勒等本土企业,在美国投资案例。
5、全美50个州。提供了各州政府主管投资事务部门的网站链接。
6、其他资源。提供了美国中,小企业局、商业法律法规、国际贸易、专业咨询公司报告、美国境内商业展会的网站链接。
近年,美国吸引外商直接投资简况
美国已连续多年,成为吸引外商直接投资金额最多的国家，其外资主要来源地,为欧洲、日本、澳大利亚等发达经济体。在美国外资,主要投向金融保险（不含储蓄机构）、制造业、批发贸易、零售贸易、专业、科学和技术服务、房地产与租赁等行业。
近年，中国对美国投资增长较为迅速;在美国吸引外资总额中,仅占很小的份额。
2011年上半年,美国吸引外资数据
2011年9月15日，美国商务部经济分析局（BEA）公布第二季度,美国吸引外国直接投资数据;二季度美国吸引外资资本流量485.08亿美元，同比增长43.35%，环比增长88.1%。同期，中国对美国投资3.14亿美元，同比增长78.4%。
BEA数据显示，2011年上半年，美国吸引外资742.96亿美元，同比下降10.7%；中国对美国投资2.68亿美元，同比下降85.19%，占美国上半年吸引外资总额的0.55%，在美国吸引外资来源地中列第25位。上半年，美国外资主要来源地按投资金额排序前十位分别为：比利时（364.58亿美元，同比增长567.24%）、英属加勒比海群岛（71.76亿美元，同比增长635.12%）、日本（66.31亿美元，同比下降16.81%）、德国（60.66亿美元，同比增长48.28%）、加拿大（60.33亿美元，同比增长148.58%）、荷兰（39.32亿美元，同比增长2.8%）、瑞士（33.55亿美元，同比下降60.29%）、法国（30.38亿美元，同比下降78.21%）、巴西（27.62亿美元，同比下降24.37%）、挪威（27.13亿美元，同比增长815.80%）。
从美国吸引外资主要行业分布看，2011年上半年，制造业吸引外资223.3亿美元，占30%；批发贸易108.89亿美元，占14.66%；金融（存款机构除外）和保险65.53亿美元，占8.82%；存款机构52.12亿美元，占7.02%；零售贸易17.18亿美元，占2.3%。
2004－2010年,美国吸引外资总额 （单位：亿美元）
2008－2010年,美国吸引外资产业分布
2008－2010年,美国吸引外资主要来源地（单位：百万美元）
（一）2008年,对美国投资金额前十位,分别来自：荷兰、英国、瑞士、日本、德国、加拿大、法国、新加坡、西班牙、芬兰。中国对美国投资5亿美元，列第25位。
（二）2009年,对美国投资金额前十位,分别来自：加拿大、法国、英国、卢森堡、德国、比利时、瑞士、日本、西班牙、英属加勒比海群岛。中国对美国投资3500万美元，列第27位。
（三）2010年,对美国投资金额前十位,分别来自：瑞士、英国、卢森堡、日本、德国、法国、荷兰、加拿大、澳大利亚、爱尔兰。中国对美国投资13.64亿美元，列第18位。 　　

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The U.S. investment environment; advantage of the investment environment

Most developed economies and absorb foreign investment in most countries, the U.S. investment environment, has the following advantages:

Developed economies

The United States is the world’s largest and most developed economies, per capita GDP was $ 42,000. The market system in the United States, the legal system and tax system, full freedom of business to foreign investors.
The main index of the United States to attract foreign business and investment environment, continuing to rank the optimal or near-
The World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report, the U.S. has the world’s most competitive, most innovative and most open economies in the world.

U.S. overall business environment in 183 economies around the world, number 4, behind Singapore, Hong Kong, China, and the World Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC), the latest 2012 report of the business New Zealand.

Huge consumer market

The United States as a tempting huge market, multinational companies to invest in the United States, will narrow the gap between them and the distance to suppliers and consumers. Goods consumer market in the United States, accounting for 42% of the global total, per capita disposable income of $ 32,000. With 18 partners, the United States signed a free trade agreement, foreign investors by the United States, more convenient access to national markets.

Global R & D center

The United States is the center of global innovation. Battelle Memorial Institute (Bettelle Memorial Institute) estimates, in 2010, the U.S. R & D expenditures of $ 395.8 billion, the highest in the world.
According to the Nobel Foundation, since 2000, the United States the number of Nobel Prize in science, more than all other countries combined, about 45 percent of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Medicine, Physics Prize winner in the United States in its award-winning research in the field. Each year, the number of patent applications received by the United States, more than the sum of the remaining countries in the world and the number of applications.

Global technology leadership

The United States is a global leader in technology, R & D and innovation, foreign investors easier access to higher returns in the United States. The U.S. market to foreign producers, creative, innovative, open-minded. “Business Week” named the 100 the world’s largest information technology (IT) company, there are 45 U.S. companies. World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Index, the United States in innovation, market efficiency, higher education, comprehensive business are ranked first.

Intellectual property protection

Foreign enterprises in the United States R & D and commercialization of their innovations, the United States will provide a strong intellectual property protection and strict enforcement system. In 2010, 365,000 patents granted in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, 67 percent of patent applications from abroad.

Educational advantage

Times Higher Education Supplement reported that the world’s top 10 universities, 6 where the United States. A total of more than 4,000 colleges and universities in the United States, approximately 56 million Americans, and a bachelor degree or above. U.S. universities and research institutions to enroll more than 50 million students, about a quarter of the total number of international students. Many community colleges for foreign investment in local enterprise, provide customized training.

Labor productivity continued to improve

In the U.S., investors can take advantage of well-educated, high production efficiency, and adaptability of the labor resources. Since 2000, U.S. corporate productivity and growth rate of an average of 3.2%. 1992 to 2006, average annual growth rate of U.S. labor productivity, higher than the other members of the Western Group of Seven (G7).

Improve the infrastructure

The world’s largest 10 economies in the United States has the largest road and railway networks, as well as the airport. 10 airports with the world’s largest air cargo, there are five in the United States. The United States has the world’s busiest international bulk cargo and container handling port.

The multicultural atmosphere of the country of immigration

The United States is a multicultural coexistence, many foreigners in this study, life and investment. As a nation of immigrants, the United States has to accommodate the habits of the world’s diverse cultural elements, and commitment to fair and equal treatment of foreign investors.

Administrative framework of the United States to attract foreign investment

The federal level

June 15, 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama issued an executive order, announced the launch of the United States Initiative “(Initiative, SelectUSA), established by the U.S. Department of Commerce, led the 23 sector participation in the Federal Ministry of International Investment Working Group, aims to encourage and support investment to create employment and stimulate economic growth in the United States.
U.S. Department of Commerce under the “select America (SelectUSA) office is responsible for upgrading at the federal level to coordinate the efforts to attract foreign investment. At the federal level, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. investment environment official website www.selectusa.gov of.

State and local government level

States have legislative power, around foreign policy, foreign companies set up procedures, tax and other laws and regulations, there are some differences. State (city, county) Department of Commerce (Bureau), or economic development Department as well as departments, with the specialized agencies, and specific foreign investment in service matters. Intention of visiting the United States investors landing www.selecusa.gov home, look to the official website of the competent commercial departments in all U.S. states [5].

In recent years, with the increasingly close economic and trade relations, such as Arkansas, California, 26 states (cities) in China set up 31 representative offices, Chinese enterprises can be obtained by contacting the above agencies in China, access to investment information to the United States [6].

Select “website

Chinese companies and individuals to the United States to invest in the initial intention to provide the entry of basic information, the site aimed at the federal level, show the situation of the United States as the world’s best business location for investors to understand the overall environment for U.S. investment, check the federal investment policy to facilitate, to take to attract foreign investment.

Site Content

1, search, query the federal government for various projects in the U.S. enterprises, service, including: government support, loans and loan guarantees, tax incentives. The site also provides an overview of the major U.S. industry.

2, details of companies operating in the U.S. all kinds of advantages.

3, in the form of maps, with all U.S. state governments in charge of investment affairs department websites link to.

Specific part

An industry overview. According to industry division, briefly introduced the basic situation of the 18 industries to provide the URL link of the relevant industry associations. Including: aerospace, automotive, biotechnology, chemical, consumer goods, creative and media, energy, environmental technology, financial services, health medical technology, logistics, transportation, machinery and equipment, pharmaceuticals, professional services, retail, software and IT, textiles , travel and tourism.

2, Why? Briefly invested in the U.S. 9 big advantage: the world’s largest economies, the most attractive business and investment environment, leading the consumer market, huge domestic demand, research and innovation center, top universities gathered in the high ground of IT, intellectual property protection, labor force is well educated, high production efficiency.

3, the federal investment incentives. According to the combination of keywords, search the various projects of the U.S. federal government for business investment, the specific support measures and preferential policies.

4, case. Brief foreign companies such as Volkswagen, IKEA, and DuPont, Caterpillar and other local businesses, investments in the U.S. case.

5, all 50 states. State governments in charge of investment affairs department links.

6, other resources. In the United States Small Business Administration, commercial laws and regulations, international trade, professional consulting firm reports, links to websites of the United States trade shows.

In recent years, the United States to attract foreign direct investment profiles

The United States has for many years as attracting foreign direct investment than any other country, its foreign source, Europe, Japan, Australia and other developed economies. Foreign investment in the United States, to invest in the finance and insurance (excluding savings institutions), manufacturing, wholesale trade, retail trade, professional, scientific and technical services, real estate and leasing industry.
In recent years, the U.S. investment growth is more rapid; in the United States to attract foreign investment total, only a small share.

In the first half of 2011, the United States to attract foreign investment data

September 15, 2011, the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) released its second quarter, the United States to attract foreign direct investment data; the second quarter of the United States to attract foreign investment capital flow of $ 48.508 billion, an increase of 43.35%, increase of 88.1%. During the same period, Chinese investment on the U.S. $ 314 million, an increase of 78.4%.

BEA data show, the first half of 2011, the United States to attract foreign investment to $ 74.296 billion, down 10.7 percent; China to the United States invested $ 268 million, down 85.19%, accounting for 0.55 percent of the U.S. to attract foreign investment in the first half of the total in the United States to attract foreign investment source to column 25. The first half of the U.S. foreign main source according to the amount of investment in sorting the top ten were: Belgium ($ 36.458 billion, an increase of 567.24 percent), British Caribbean Islands ($ 7.176 billion, an increase of 635.12 percent), Japan (6.631 billion U.S. dollars, down 16.81 percent), Germany ($ 6.066 billion, an increase of 48.28%), Canada ($ 6.033 billion, an increase of 148.58%), Netherlands ($ 3.932 billion, an increase of 2.8%), Switzerland ($ 3.355 billion. down 60.29%), France ($ 3.038 billion, down 78.21 percent), Brazil ($ 2.762 billion, down 24.37 percent), Norway ($ 2.713 billion, an increase of 815.80%).

Major industry to attract foreign investment from the U.S. distribution, the first half of 2011, the manufacturing sector to attract foreign investment 22.33 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 30%; wholesale trade was $ 10.889 billion, accounting for 14.66%; Finance (except depository institutions) and insurance of $ 6.553 billion, accounting for 8.82 ; depository institutions $ 5.212 billion, accounting for 7.02%; retail trade was $ 1.718 billion, accounting for 2.3%.

2004-2010, the United States attracted a total of (unit: billion U.S. dollars)

2008-2010, the United States to attract foreign investment industrial distribution

In 2008-2010, the United States to attract foreign source (unit: millions of dollars)

(A) 2008, ten of the front of the U.S. investment amount, from: the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Japan, Germany, Canada, France, Singapore, Spain, Finland. China to invest $ 500 million to the United States, ranked No. 25.

(B) In 2009, the top ten U.S. investment amount from: Canada, France, Britain, Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Japan, Spain, the British Caribbean islands. China to invest $ 35 million to the United States, the column section 27.

(C) 2010, ten of the front of the U.S. investment amount from: Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Japan, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Canada, Australia, Ireland. China to invest $ 1.364 billion to the United States, column 18.

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