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世界，本週已經過去的，小事記1，2，3，… ；世界活躍的,人類名錄1，2，3，… ; 網絡檔案站;舊聞往事,非新聞! The world this week is over, the little things in mind 1,2,3, …; the world of active human list 1,2,3, …; network file stations; old news back, non-news! English, Japanese, automatic translation by Google; subject to Chinese Google automatic translation machines use language, to promote the application, the world’s first person Google automatic translation machine to use English, marketing, applications, the world’s first people Google automatic translation machines Japanese use, promotion, application, world’s first people From: http://www.billionairesParty.com http://www.billionairesGroup.com http://www.billionairesdesire.com http://www.helicoptersbuyers.com UK helicopter Marketing Group, Inc. Chairman of the Board: Mr.George Chen = Mr.Geoorge S. Chen: 1779642876@qq.com; george13901623260@163.com; chensihong1961@126.com; QQ: 1779642876 I only accept their own mobile phone text messages (0086-13901623260); All my business partner, please contact with me every mail; potential purchase of European and American helicopter makers, you must issue a certificate of bank credit; if the buyer does not RMB 3,999,999 or more large certificates of deposit, please do not disturb, thank you European and American brands helicopter purchase, please fill in a form: name, budget, business cards, unit address, phone number, box number, QQ number, purpose, location, flight kilometers requirements, whether private helicopter driving license … This year the General Assembly of the three core themes, that is “jobs, growth and fairness”; Girard (Julia Eileen Gillard) on the National Assembly in the Australian Labor Party, made a number of motion Australia, December 2, Girard (Julia Eileen Gillard) on the Labour Party National Congress promises: to the Australian people to provide more jobs and lower taxes, economic downturn in the global context, ensure the realization of the Australian economy of growth. Australian Labor Party National Convention, adopted by the Chinese Finance Minister Penny Wong’s – support gay marriage proposal, Penny Wong is also a homosexual. Australian Federal Labor Party National Conference, Friday, opening in Sydney. Girard (Julia Eileen Gillard) Prime Minister in his opening speech, used a new Labor Party slogan – to grasp the future of Australia (Labor says yes to Australia’s future). Australian Labor Party in 2010, poise, and the difficulties ahead Beginning August 21, 41st Australian federal election, a dramatic scene: the final election results were announced, whether the ruling Labor Party or the opposition coalition party, failed to get cabinet seats in a few basic needs. Most seats do not meet the statutory party election deadlock, called “suspended parliament”, which is nearly 70 years, the Australian rare political phenomenon. Confusing political instability Commonwealth of Australia is, obviously, the stigma of the British monarchy: British Queen Elizabeth II is Australia’s nominal head of state, appointed by the Governor (Australian Federal Government and State Government), on behalf of the British king, ruled Australia, Queen has legislative power, but not directly involved in the Australian Parliament legislation; she assigned the Governor on behalf of its implementation, the Governor and the Queen, only symbolic. Western Australia is a democracy country, the implementation of separation of powers. Its form of government is parliamentary cabinet, the State Cabinet is responsible for administrative affairs, the Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister. Federal Parliament is the country’s legislature, bicameral parliament (House of Representatives and the Senate), Members of both Houses of Parliament, directly elected by voters. House is Australia’s most important legislative body elections held every three years. Majority of seats in the House by the party or party coalition government, the Prime Minister is generally held by the majority leader of the party – and only responsible to Parliament; Parliament responsible only to the electorate. Australian Federal House of Representatives, the existing 150 seats, candidates of political parties in the House needs to get more than 76 seats, before being eligible to form a government. In this election, the ruling Labour Party, received only 72 seats; the opposition Alliance Party, won 73 seats; the other five seats were the Greens (1 seat), and independent elected members (4 seats) available. Labor Party and the Alliance Party, 76 seats have not jumped over the baseline. The policies and proposals on the Green Party out of tune with the Alliance Party, the first that – support the Labor Party. Access to the local constituency Labour Party funding the hospital’s commitment to reconstruction, the independent members Wilkey position: Support the Labour Party, the Labour Party, 74 seats of support, to seize the initiative. Subsequently, the Labor Party and the Alliance Party, are trying hard and the other three elected members to negotiate separate and independent members, between the communication and coordination, joint response to the political parties “offensive.” Their final political choice, related to their own interests on behalf of social class, determines who the ruling cabinet. Thus, as a political “focus” at the same time, they are under tremendous political pressure, made it clear that: to maintain stability and make the Australian political party alliances. September 7, prepared in three independent members jointly announced their support for the political party before the independent members within the split. Queensland Independent Members Kate first to break the silence, in Canberra, announced support for the opposition party coalition cabinet, which means that the two parties tied again. People worry about – the other two independent members divided again, resulting in re-election situation. An hour later, Windsor and Oakeshott independent members held a news conference that the re-election, is everyone willing to see the situation, in order to ensure that the next three years, there is a stable government, both in consideration of the constituencies and national interests, the Cabinet decided to support the Labour Party. They said the Labor Party’s support is conditional, they will not vote in favor of the government’s no-confidence vote; in specific policy issues, the prudent line. Labor Party leader, Prime Minister Gillard, after the press conference, said that Labor has won 76 seats in the House of Representatives support, will the Governor cabinet requirements. September 11, the Labor Party government led by the new cabinet formed, and finally “tuning.” A long, hard road to govern – Established in 1891, the Australian Labor Party, is Australia’s oldest political party. Labour Party to “democratic socialism” as the criteria to achieve “industrial, manufacturing, distribution and exchange of democratic society”, and “equality, democracy, freedom and social cooperation” as their goal. Internally, advocated in the present system, the implementation of improvement, economic development and increased welfare. Externally, insist on an alliance with the United States; to pursue more independent policies. During the Labor Party, Australia, respectively, in 1942, and 1972, with the Soviet Union and China established formal diplomatic relations. Prime Minister Hawke from the beginning, gradually diplomatic center Labor Party, to Asia. In 1989, after Prime Minister Paul Keating, to speed up “for Asia,” the pace, have made “into Asia”, “East Asian integration” policies, and actively promote the APEC and the ASEAN Regional Forum and other regional political and economic cooperation organization development, and proposed the idea from the British royal family, advocating republicanism. Labor’s highest authority, is the biennial National Congress, composed of 99 representatives, including the Australian Labor Party youth organizations a representative of each state and the parliamentary leader of the Labour Party Labour Party parliamentary group of the four federal leaders. Central leading body is the Federal Executive Council, the Labour Party’s chief executive agencies, usually, hold regular meetings each year four or five times. Area under the 6 states and 2 work party, with relative independence. Labour Party members to union members as a collective body, about 130 million people, while about 50,000 individual members. Labor unions are the main mass base, is also an important source of funding. In 1901, after the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia, the Labor Party, came to power in 1904, becoming the world’s first Labour Party in power. To 1915, the Labor Party in the federal government, and in addition to the Victorian state government other than the ruling. Prior to 1949, the ruling Labor Party has six times; then, by the severe political climate at home and abroad, long-term opposition Labor Party, 1972, to return to power stage. In 1983, the Labour Party defeated the Liberal Party National Party coalition, continuous power, up to 13 years, is the power of time in its history, the longest time. In the 1996 federal election, after losing the Labor Party Revival, and actively seek a breakthrough, and finally in 2007, rallied again chance to rule. In the power crisis, struggling forward In 2007, Labor leader Kevin Rudd when he was led, in the general election, received 150 seats in the House of Representatives, 83 seats, win over 11-year-old ruling coalition party. Strong Labour government in office less than three years time, run out of political capital, to support the fast rate of decline has been startling. In order to win this election, the Labour Party replaced the prime minister, an early election, lost 11 seats, representing the last Labour government for 13% of the total number of seats in the House of Representatives, almost directly lost the election. Support for the Labour government, ups and downs, because – it can be said, in the weather, geography, and other aspects, the Labor Party there are many problems. Labor, in 2007, to obtain general election victory at a time when Australia’s economic golden age, the Labour Government put forward – to fully enhance Australia’s position in the world, to put forward a vision of the people, promised a vision. However, almost the same time the arrival of the global economic crisis, the Labour government disrupted the arrangements governing the country, making some important campaign promises, not cash, was forced to take emergency measures to deal with the crisis. Australian economy in crisis, the impact is relatively small, in developed countries to recover faster, so that people are still disappointed. Australia is a small number of countries outside the camp located in Western countries. With the development of Australia, more and more dependent on Asian economic, security still rely on alliances with Western powers. Australia’s regional position, Australia’s international relations. Rudd has long been engaged in diplomatic work experience, the Labour Party to Foreign known known. Labour government in the diplomatic achievements between 2007-2010 Australia and American relations, is Australia’s most important foreign relations and security the cornerstone of the Labour Government troops in Iraq, regional security situation, the future new national defense strategy and other issues, there are differences with the United States. Australia China relations in the Australian foreign relations, the position of the fastest growing. China has surpassed Japan to become Australia’s most important trading partner, and the formation of structural relationships. During the administration of Kevin Rudd, Australia-China relations, friction. Asia-Pacific region is Australia’s stakeholders. Rudd Government: the establishment of cooperation in areas covered by the “Asia-Pacific Community”, was the region’s cold. Australian Labor Party (Australian Labor Party) is Australia’s oldest political party. Founded in 1891. Criteria for democratic socialism as party in order to achieve industrial, manufacturing, distribution and exchange of social democracy and equality, democracy, freedom and social cooperation as its target. Advocates in the party, the achievement of equality, solidarity and the principle of majority rule. Central leading organs, the Federal Executive Council. Members of the group members as the main trade union, about 120 million individual members and another 50,000 people. Trade unions are the party’s main mass base. History In 1910, the Labor Party in the federal parliament, a majority of seats. During World War I, due to recruitment problems, the split within the party, some of the leaders of the exit. 1916 ~ 1944, a split within the party several times. In 1955, some anti-communist party members, out of the Labor Party, the other group of Australian Democratic Labor Party. 1891 to 1949, the ruling Labor Party has six times. , After Labour came to power in 1972, to EG Whitlam led the federal government, to establish diplomatic relations with China. Abolition of conscription in the country, and decided to withdraw its troops from Vietnam. Economy, the implementation of welfare policies. To curb inflation, the use of resources, attract foreign investment. In 1977, general election defeat. In 1983,1984, again in power, RJL Hawke Prime Minister. 80 years after the end, privatization proposal, there is debate within the party have. In September 1990, Congress held a special meeting of the Australian Government through the communications industry and airline privatization of the two resolutions. June 24, 2010, the Australian Labor Party leadership election was held, Julia Gillard was elected the new leader. Leaders 1,2,3,. . . Chris Watson, 1901-08 (1904 Premier); Andrew Fisher 1908-15 (1908-09,1910-13,1914-15, Prime Minister); Billy Hughes 1915-16 (1915-23 , Prime Minister, expelled from the party in 1916); Frank Tudor 1916-22; Matthew Charlton, 1922-28; James Scarborough Lin 1928-35 (1929-32, Prime Minister); John Curtin 1935-45 (1941-45, Prime Minister); classes Qi Fu Li 1945-51 (1945-49, Prime Minister); H · V · Evatt, 1951-60; Arthur Calwell 1960-67; Gough Whitlam 1967-77 (1972-75, Prime Minister); Bill Hayden, 1977-83; Bob Hawke 1983-91 (1983-91, Prime Minister); Paul Keating 1991-96 (1991-96, Prime Minister); Beazley 1996-2001; Simon Crean 2001-03; Mark Latham 2003-05; Beazley 2005-2006; Rudd 2006-2010 (second); Julia Gillard 2010 – Introduction to the Australian political system and the Labour Party British Queen is Australia’s head of state, appointed by the Queen’s Governor, the Chief Executive for the legal maximum. The Governor nominated by the Prime Minister, appointed by the Queen. Australian Governor-General on behalf of the Queen of England, the exercise of the powers in the Commonwealth of Australia. Governor power to appoint officials, govern the army, and the dissolution of parliament was held, and the approval of Parliament motion, etc.; in the exercise of these powers, need to seek the federal prime minister agreed. Consult the Federal Executive Council, the federal government in charge of the executive power, as the statutory Chief Executive. Australia’s Federal Parliament is the highest legislative body, was established in 1901 by Queen (Australian Governor as its representative), the House of Representatives and the Senate. December 17, 1992, the Australian Federal Government cabinet meeting decided that Australia’s new citizens, no longer to swear allegiance to the Queen of England and his successors. Parliament elected by universal suffrage. House of Representatives has 150 members, according to the proportion of the population, elected for a term of three years. The Senate has 76 members, six states, each state 12, two regions of the two. State Senator for 6 years and every three years, half re-election, Senator of the region, a term of three years. November 24, 2007, the Australian federal election was held, resulting in the new House of Representatives – Labour Party, 83 seats; the Liberal Party, 55 seats; National Party, 10 seats; independent, 2 seats. Australian Federal Government, the House majority party or coalition of parties, party leaders, Prime Minister, ministers, appointed by the Prime Minister. The general term of three years. In November 2007, the Labor Party in the federal election, defeating Liberal Party – National Party coalition, the new Labour government, on December 3, the official inauguration, Labor Party leader Kevin Rudd, as Prime Minister. Australia’s highest judicial body is the Federal High Court. Its other courts, with appellate jurisdiction, and interpretation of the Constitution in cases involving a decision by a Chief Justice, and composed of six judges. States set up the Supreme Court, District Court and District Court. Capital Region and the Northern Territory region, only the Supreme Court and District Court is located. Australia has the size of dozens of political parties, major political parties are: (1) Australian Labor Party (Australian Labour Party): Founded in 1891, is Australia’s largest political parties, trade unions with close union members, many of its collective members. Since 1940, has 11 power. November 24, 2007, Kevin Rudd, leader of the opposition party – the Labour Party in the Australian Federal election, by a wide margin, defeating the Liberal Party – National Party coalition, after 11 years, returned to power. (2) Liberal Party (Liberal Party): 1944 was established, the predecessor of the 1931 Australian Coalition Party. The main representative of the interests of business owners, has repeatedly ruling. November 24, 2007, Howard’s Liberal Party, lost in the Australian federal election, ending its cooperation with the National Party coalition government for 11 years. (3) National Party (National Party): Founded in 1918, formerly known as, Country Party, later known as the State Country Party in 1982, switching to its present name. Its sphere of influence, mainly in rural areas, representing the interests of farmers in 1996, to 2007, the ruling coalition with the Liberal Party. Other small parties, there are Australian Democrats, Greens, and the Australian Communist Party and so on. Australian Labor Party (Australian Labor Party) Australia’s oldest political party. Founded in 1891. Criteria for democratic socialism as party in order to achieve industrial, manufacturing, distribution and exchange of social democracy and equality, democracy, freedom and social cooperation as its target. Advocates in the party to achieve equality, solidarity and the principle of majority decision. Central leading body is the Federal Executive Council. Members, union members as a collective body, about 120 million individual members and another 50,000 people. Trade unions are the party’s main mass base. In 1910, the Labor Party in the federal parliament, a majority of seats. During World War I, due to recruitment problems, the split within the party, some of the leaders of the exit. 1916 ~ 1944, a split within the party several times. In 1955, some anti-communist party members, out of the Labor Party, the other group of Australian Democratic Labor Party. 1891 to 1949, the ruling Labor Party has six times. In 1972, Labour in power, to EG Whitlam-led federal government to establish diplomatic relations with China. Abolition of conscription in the country, and decided to withdraw its troops from Vietnam. Economy, the implementation of welfare policies. To curb inflation, the use of resources, attract foreign investment. In 1977, general election defeat. In 1983,1984, again in power, RJL Hawke Prime Minister. 80 years after the end, privatization proposal, there is debate within the party have. In September 1990, Congress held a special meeting of the Australian Government through the communications industry and airline privatization of the two resolutions. Labor Party leader Kevin Rudd (ie, Kevin Luther (Kevin Rudd, also translated as – Kevin Rudd)), in November 24th, 2007 at the federal election, defeating the ruling for 11 years and a half years of the Liberal Party – National Coalition leader John Howard, Australia’s 26th Federal Chancellor. Australian Immigration Minister recommended: 50% increase of refugees, the Labour conference will debate ,2011 -12-2, Australian Immigration Minister Po Man, this weekend at the Labour Party National Congress, put forward: the annual absorption of refugees to settle in Australia, by the 13,750 people to 20,000. He told ABC radio: “I hold this view, for some time, we can and should accept more refugees.” “I think: it is a very important political Labour Party network.” Bao Wen said, to head the national average of plan, the Australian ratio to absorb refugees, already the highest in the world. “But that does not mean – I think we can not receive more.” He said that he made this proposal, clearly shows that Labor’s view, is to absorb more refugees. “We want more people to Australia to live, but we also need to be addressed to Australia by boat to break the dangerous environment.” The immigration minister said outside the asylum screening process is to reduce the boat break territory, “jump the queue” (jumping) was one of the ways the Australian refugee right of abode. Po Man made in the occasion of the plan, the Australian authorities on Wednesday, in the eastern waters near Christmas Island, intercepted a boat carrying over 100 asylum-seekers (the snake) ship. Labour left-wing Senator Cameron (Doug Cameron) said the proposed increase of refugees, is the standard practice of the right-wing Labor Party; increase the number of refugees absorbed by the practice of “impractical.” Bao Wen suggested the increase of refugees, is expected to be the Labour Party National Congress, one of the options hotly debated. Australian Federal Opposition immigration spokesman Morison (Scott Morrison) said that the proposal will be in the next four years, cost the government 1,300,005,000 yuan. Macquarie Radio he said: “He (Po Man) would like to increase refugees every year, he wanted to the program, to do business with the Labour Party left-wing, left wing of the Malaysian exchange for the support boat.” Morison said that the program shows – more and more biased towards the Labour government Green Party’s policy stance. English, Japanese, automatic translation by Google; subject to Chinese 谷歌外語自動翻譯機使用,推廣,應用,世界第一人 谷歌英語自動翻譯機使用,推廣,應用,世界第一人 谷歌日語自動翻譯機使用,推廣,應用,世界第一人 From: http://www.billionairesParty.com http://www.billionairesGroup.com http://www.billionairesdesire.com http://www.helicoptersbuyers.com UK 直升機銷售集團公司董事局主席:Mr.George Chen = Mr.Geoorge S. Chen ： 1779642876@qq.com ; george13901623260@163.com ; chensihong1961@126.com ; QQ: 1779642876 我自己的只接受短信的手機(0086-13901623260); 我的一切生意夥伴,請與我的各個郵箱聯繫;潛在購買歐美品牌直升機者們,請你務必出具銀行資信證明書;如果購買者沒有RMB 3,999,999以上巨額存款證明書者,請勿打擾,謝謝 歐美名牌直升飛機購買者請填表:姓名,預算額,名片,單位網址,手機號碼,郵箱號碼,QQ號碼,用途,使用地點,飛行公里要求,有否直升機駕駛私照… 今年大会提出了三个核心主题，那就是“工作、成长、公平”； 吉拉德（Julia Eileen Gillard）在澳大利亚工党全国大会上，提出多项议案 澳洲，12月2日，吉拉德（Julia Eileen Gillard）在工党全国代表大会上承诺：给澳洲国人提供更多的就业机会，并降低税收，在全球经济低迷的大背景下，保证实现澳洲经济的增长。 澳洲工党全国大会，通过了由华裔财政部长黄英贤提出的-支持同性恋婚姻的提案，黄英贤亦是一名同性恋者。 澳洲联邦工党全国大会，周五，在悉尼揭幕。吉拉德（Julia Eileen Gillard）总理在开幕致辞时，用了一句新的口号工党-掌握澳洲未来（Labor says yes to Australia’s future）。 澳大利亚工党，2010年，涉险过关，与艰难前行 8月21日开始的澳大利亚第41次联邦大选，出现了戏剧性的一幕：选举最终结果揭晓时，无论是执政的工党，还是反对党联盟党，均未能获得组阁需要的基本议席数。没有党派达到法定多数议席的选举，僵局，被称作“悬浮议会”，这是近70年来，澳大利亚罕见的政治现象。扑朔迷离的政局动荡 澳大利亚属于英联邦国家，明显有英国君主立宪制的烙印：英国女王伊丽莎白二世是名义上的澳大利亚国家元首，由其任命的总督（澳联邦总督及各州总督），代表英国国王，统治着澳大利亚，女王拥有立法权，但并不直接参与澳洲议会立法；她指派总督代其执行，总督以及女王，只具有象征意义。 澳大利亚是西方民主制国家，实行三权分立。其政体，是内阁议会制，国家的行政事务由内阁负责，内阁由总理主持。联邦议会是国家的立法机构，议会实行两院制(众议院和参议院)，议会两院的议员，由选民直接选举产生。 众议院是澳大利亚最重要的立法机构，每3年举行一次选举。在众议院获多数席位的党或多党联盟组成政府，总理一般由多数党的领袖担任-并且，只对议会负责；议会只对全体选民负责。 澳洲联邦众议院，现有150个席位，参选的政党，需要在众议院，得到76个以上席位，方能有资格组成政府。在本届选举中，执政的工党，仅获得72席；反对党联盟党，赢得73席；其他5个席位，分别被绿党（1席），和独立当选议员（4席）获得。工党和联盟党，都没有跃过76席的基线。 在政策主张上，与联盟党格格不入的绿党，率先表示-支持工党。在获得工党对当地选区的医院进行拨款重建的承诺之后，独立议员威尔基表态：支持工党，使工党获得74个议席的支持，抢得先机。 随后，工党和联盟党，都积极争取和其他3位独立当选议员进行谈判，独立议员之间，在沟通协调，联合应对两党的政治“攻势”。他们最终的政治选择，关系到自身代表的社会阶层的利益，决定着由谁来组阁执政。因而，在成为政治“焦点”的同时，他们承受着巨大的政治压力，明确表示：要与能使澳大利亚保持稳定的政党结盟。 9月7日，在3位独立议员准备共同宣布支持哪个政党前，独立议员内部，出现分裂。昆士兰州的独立议员凯特率先打破沉默，在堪培拉，宣布支持反对党联盟党组阁，这意味着，两党再次打成平手。人们担心-其他两位独立议员再次出现意见分歧，导致出现重新举行大选的局面。一小时后，独立议员温莎和奥克肖特召开新闻发布会表示，重新大选，是所有人不愿意看到的情形，为了确保未来三年内，有一个稳定的政府，两人在考虑本选区和国家利益后，决定支持工党组阁。他们表示，对工党的支持，是有条件的，他们不会对政府的不信任案投赞成票；在具体的政策问题上，将审慎而行。 工党领袖、总理吉拉德，之后，举行新闻发布会，表示，工党已经获得76个众议员席位支持，将向总督提出组阁要求。 9月11日，工党领导的新政府内阁组成，最后“定音”。　　 悠久，艰难的执政道路-成立于1891年的澳大利亚工党，是澳大利亚历史最悠久的政党。 工党，以“民主社会主义”为准则，以实现“工业、生产、分配和交换的民主社会化”，和“平等、民主、自由与社会合作”为其目标。对内，主张在现制度下，实行改良，发展经济，增加福利。对外，坚持同美国结盟；奉行比较独立的政策。在工党执政期间，澳大利亚分别于1942年，和1972年，与苏联和中国，建立了正式外交关系。从霍克任总理开始，工党逐渐将外交中心，转向亚洲。1989年，基廷任总理后，加快了“面向亚洲”的步伐，相继提出“融入亚洲”、“与东亚一体化”等政策，积极推动亚太经合组织和东盟地区论坛等地区政治经济合作组织的发展，并提出脱离英王室的构想，倡导共和制。 工党的最高权力机关，是每两年一度的全国代表大会，由99名代表组成，包括，澳大利亚工党青年组织的1名代表、每个州的工党议会领袖和工党联邦议会党团的4位领袖。中央领导机构是联邦执行委员会，是工党的总执行机构，通常，每年定期开会4或5次。下属6州和2区的工党组织，具有相对独立性。工党成员以工会集体会员为主体，约130万人，另有个人党员5万人左右。工会是工党的主要群众基础，也是其重要资金来源。 1901年，澳大利亚联邦成立后，工党，于1904年上台执政，成为全世界第一个执掌政权的工党。到1915年，工党在联邦政府，而且在除维多利亚州以外的各州政府执政。1949年之前，工党曾6次执政；此后，受国内外严峻的政治气候影响，工党长期在野，到1972年，重返执政舞台。1983年，工党击败了自由党国家党联盟，连续执政，达13年之久，是其历史上执政时间，最长的一次。在1996年的联邦选举中，落败后，工党卧薪尝胆，积极寻求突破，终于在2007年，重振旗鼓，再次获得执政机会。 在执政危机中，挣扎前行 2007年，工党在时任领袖陆克文带领下，在大选中，获得众议院150个席位中的83席，完胜执政11年之久的联盟党。 强势的工党政府在执政不到3年的时间里，耗尽了政治资本，支持率下滑之快，令人瞠目。为了此次选举得胜，工党更换了总理、提前进行大选，丢掉了11个议席，占上届工党政府众议院议席总数的13%，险些直接输掉了选举。 工党政府支持率，大起大落，原因-可以说，在天时、地利、人和等方面，工党都存在不少问题。 工党，2007年，获得大选胜利之时，正值澳大利亚的经济辉煌时期，工党政府提出-要全面提升澳大利亚在世界上的地位，给人们提出了愿景，许下了宏愿。然而，几乎同时到来的世界性的经济危机，打乱了工党政府治理国家的安排，使得竞选时的一些重要许诺，无法兑现，被迫采取应急措施来应对危机。 澳大利亚经济在危机中，受到的影响相对较小，在发达国家中恢复较快，仍然使国民感到失望。 澳大利亚是少数地处发达国家阵营之外的西方国家。随着澳大利亚的发展，经济越来越依赖亚洲，安全仍然依靠与西方大国的结盟。 澳大利亚的地区定位，澳大利亚的国际关系。 陆克文有长期从事外交工作的经历，工党以外交见长著称。 工党政府在2007—2010年间的外交政绩 澳洲美国关系，是澳大利亚最重要的对外关系和安全基石，工党政府在伊拉克撤军、地区安全形势、未来新国防战略等问题上，都与美国存在分歧。 澳洲中国关系，在澳大利亚对外关系中，地位上升最快。中国已经超过日本，成为澳大利亚最重要的贸易伙伴，并形成结构性合作关系。在陆克文执政期间，澳洲中国关系，摩擦不断。 亚太是澳大利亚的利益攸关地区。陆克文政府提出：建立涵盖地区各方面合作的“亚太共同体”，遭到了该地区国家的冷遇。 澳大利亚工党（Australian Labor Party）是澳大利亚历史最长的政党。成立于1891 年。该党以民主社会主义为准则，以实现工业、生产、分配和交换的民主社会化和平等、民主、自由与社会合作为其目标。主张在党内，实现平等、团结和多数裁决的原则。 中央领导机构，是联邦执行委员会。成员以工会集体党员为主体，约120万人，另有个人党员5万余人。工会是该党的主要群众基础。 历史 　　 1910年，工党在联邦议会中，获得多数席位。第一次世界大战期间，因征兵问题，党内发生分裂，一些领导人退出。 　　 1916～1944年，党内几度发生分裂。 　　 1955年，党内部分反对共产主义的党员，退出工党，另组澳大利亚民主工党。 　　1891～1949 年，工党曾6次执政。 　　 1972年工党执政后，以E.G.惠特拉姆为首的联邦政府，与中国建立外交关系。在国内废除征兵制，并决定从越南撤军。经济上，推行福利政策。遏制通货膨胀，利用资源，吸引外资。 　　 1977年，大选中失败。 　　 1983、1984年，再度当政，R.J.L.霍克任总理。 　　 80年代末以后，提出私有化计划，党内对此有争论。 　　 1990年9月，举行了全国代表大会特别会议 ，通过了政府提出的澳洲通信业和航空公司私有化的两项决议。 　　 2010年6月24日，澳大利亚工党举行领导人选举，茱莉雅·吉拉德当选新领导人。 领袖 1，2，3，。。。 　　 克里斯·沃森 1901-08（1904年总理）；安德鲁·菲舍尔 1908-15（1908-09、1910-13、1914-15年总理）；比利·休斯 1915-16（1915-23年总理，1916年开除党籍）；弗兰克·都铎 1916-22 ；马修·查尔顿 1922-28 ；詹姆斯·斯卡林 1928-35（1929-32年总理）；约翰·柯廷 1935-45（1941-45年总理）；班·齐傅礼 1945-51（1945-49年总理）；H·V·伊瓦特 1951-60 ；亚瑟·卡尔韦尔 1960-67 ；高夫·惠特兰 1967-77（1972-75年总理）；比尔·海登 1977-83；鲍勃·霍克 1983-91（1983-91年总理）；保罗·基廷 1991-96（1991-96年总理）；比兹利 1996-2001 ；西蒙·克林 2001-03 ；马克·莱瑟姆 2003-05 ；比兹利 2005-2006 ；陆克文 2006-2010 （二次）；茱莉雅·吉拉德 2010- 澳大利亚政治制度和工党简介 英国女王是澳大利亚的国家元首，由女王任命的总督，为法定的最高行政长官。总督由总理提名，由女王任命。 澳大利亚总督代表英国女王，行使在澳大利亚联邦内的职权。总督有权任免官员、统辖军队、召开和解散议会，以及审批议会议案等；在行使这些权力时，须征得联邦总理同意。在联邦行政会议的咨询下，执掌联邦政府的行政权，为法定的最高行政长官。 联邦议会是澳洲的最高立法机构，成立于１９０１年，由女王（澳洲总督为其代表）、众议院和参议院组成。１９９２年１２月１７日，澳大利亚联邦政府内阁会议决定，澳大利亚的新公民，不再向英国女王及其继承人宣誓效忠。 议会实行普选。众院有１５０名议员，按人口比例，选举产生，任期３年。参议院有７６名议员，６个州，每州１２名，２个地区，各２名。各州参议员任期６年，每３年，改选一半，各地区参议员，任期３年。２００７年１１月２４日，澳洲举行联邦大选，产生新一届众议院-工党，占８３席；自由党，５５席；国家党，１０席；独立人士，２席。 澳洲联邦政府，由众议院多数党或政党联盟组成，该党领袖，任总理，各部部长，由总理任命。政府一般任期３年。２００７年１１月，工党在联邦大选中，击败自由党－国家党联盟，新一届工党政府，于１２月３日，正式就职，工党领袖陆克文，出任总理。 澳洲最高司法机构是联邦高等法院。它对其他各级法院，具有上诉管辖权，并对涉及宪法解释的案件做出决定，由１名首席大法官，和６名大法官组成。各州设最高法院、区法院和地方法院。首都地区和北领地区，只设最高法院和地方法院。 澳洲有大小政党几十个，主要政党有： （1）澳大利亚工党（Australian Labour Party）：成立于１８９１年，为澳洲最大政党，同工会关系密切，工会会员，多为其集体党员。自１９４０年以来，曾１１次执政。２００７年１１月２４日，陆克文领导的反对党-工党在澳洲联邦大选中，以较大优势，击败自由党－国家党执政联盟，时隔１１年后，重新执政。 （2）自由党（Liberal Party）：１９４４年成立，前身，是１９３１年成立的澳大利亚联合党。主要代表工商业主利益，曾多次执政。２００７年１１月２４日，霍华德领导的自由党，在澳洲联邦大选中失利，结束了其与国家党连续１１年的联合执政。 （3）国家党（National Party）：成立于１９１８年，原称，乡村党，后称，国家乡村党，１９８２年，改用现名。其势力范围，主要在农村地区，代表农场主利益，１９９６年，至２００７年，与自由党联合执政。 其他小党，有澳大利亚民主党、绿党，和澳大利亚共产党等。 澳大利亚工党（Australian Labor Party） 澳大利亚历史最长的政党。成立于1891年。该党以民主社会主义为准则，以实现工业、生产、分配和交换的民主社会化和平等、民主、自由与社会合作为其目标。主张在党内实现平等、团结和多数裁决的原则。 中央领导机构是联邦执行委员会。成员，以工会集体党员为主体，约120万人，另有个人党员5万余人。工会是该党的主要群众基础。 1910年，工党在联邦议会中，获得多数席位。第一次世界大战期间，因征兵问题，党内发生分裂，一些领导人退出。 　　 1916～1944年，党内几度发生分裂。 1955年，党内部分反对共产主义的党员，退出工党，另组澳大利亚民主工党。 1891～1949 年，工党曾6次执政。 1972年，工党执政后，以E.G.惠特拉姆为首的联邦政府，与中国建立外交关系。在国内废除征兵制，并决定从越南撤军。经济上，推行福利政策。遏制通货膨胀，利用资源，吸引外资。 1977年，大选中失败。 1983、1984年，再度当政，R.J.L.霍克任总理。 80年代末以后，提出私有化计划，党内对此有争论。 1990年9月，举行了全国代表大会特别会议 ，通过了政府提出的澳洲通信业和航空公司私有化的两项决议。 工党领袖陆克文（即，凯文·路德 (Kevin Rudd，也译为-凯文·拉德)），在2007年11月24日举行的联邦大选中，击败执政11年半之久的自由党－国家党联盟领袖约翰·霍华德，成为澳大利亚第26任联邦总理。 澳洲移民部长建议：增收难民50% ，工党大会将辩论，2011-12-2 ，澳洲移民部长宝文，在本周末举行的工党全国代表大会上，提出：把每年吸收到澳洲定居的难民人数，由13750人，增加到2万人。 他告诉ABC电台：「 我持这种观点，已有一段时间，我们可以，也应该接收更多难民。」「 我认为：它是工党一项非常重要的政网。」 宝文称，以国民人头平均计划，澳洲吸纳难民比率，在全世界已属最高。 「 但，这并不意味着-我认为我们不能接收更多。」 他表示，他提出这一建议，清楚表明工党的观点，是吸纳更多难民。 「 我们希望让更多人到澳洲来生活，但，我们也需解决乘船闯境到澳洲来的危险。」 这位移民部长表示，境外甄别处理寻求庇护者，是减少乘船闯境，「 插队」（打尖）获澳洲难民居留权的办法之一。 在宝文提出这项计划之际，澳洲当局，星期三，在圣诞岛东部附近海域，截获一艘载有逾一百名寻求庇护者的人（蛇）船。 工党左翼参议员金马伦（Doug Cameron）说，这项增收难民的建议，是工党右翼的标准做法；增加吸收难民人数的做法「 不切实际」。 宝文这项增收难民的建议，预计将是工党全国代表大会上，引起激烈辩论的方案之一。 澳洲联邦反对党移民事务发言人莫理逊（Scott Morrison）说，该建议，将会在今后四年内，耗费政府1，300，005，000元。 他对麦觉理电台说：「 他（宝文）想每年都增收难民。他想以这项方案，与工党左翼做交易，换取左翼对与马来西亚交换船民的支持。」 莫理逊称，这项方案显示-工党政府越来越偏向绿党的政策立场。