上海“下隻角”的前世今生
http://sh.house.sina.com.cn ; 2012年08月13日17:21 ;建設市場報
“下隻角”棚戶區——一個過去時詞彙?
(作者張松)在上海,“棚戶區”,跟解放前上海底層人居住的“下隻角”,緊密相聯。
“前世不修今世苦,今世只好住棚戶。”——這是舊社會楊樹浦附近工人們的口頭禪。由毛竹、樹棍、稻草和泥土等建造的棚戶簡屋,居住條件極差,沒有供電、上下水等基礎設施,到處是垃圾、糞便,長年,臭氣沖天,一到黃黴天,更是苦不堪言。“棚戶區”,成為當年城市里人間地獄的真實寫照。
改革開發30年後,一切走在全國前面的上海,還有沒有這樣的棚戶區呢? 2006年,《新民周刊》,曾以此為專題,對奢華上海背後殘存的棚戶區,進行了披露。
今天,如果你不小心,走進了任何一片棚戶,“水深火熱”、“暗無天日”這樣的字眼,就會浮現眼前。說“水深火熱”,是因為,下雨天,積水、炎熱酷暑,和冰天雪地,沒有空調;說,“暗無天日”,是指棚戶的高密度,導致採光、通風等,不符合居住的基本衛生標準。依然存在的馬桶,成為棚戶區生活的一大特徵。
“下隻角”棚戶區的生生死死
據史料記載,上海開埠後,隨著外國資本輸入和工業的發展,大量貧困農民,來滬謀生,因無力租賃住房,遂在荒地、路旁、河畔、以至,工廠周圍的空地,搭起形形色色的棚戶。最初,出現在黃浦江畔及吳淞江(今蘇州河)兩岸,繼而向工廠周圍空隙地,及鐵路兩旁蔓延,最後,遍布市中心區周邊的所有地段。
延綿不斷的戰亂,更是棚戶蔓延的催化劑。咸豐十年(1860年),太平軍逼近上海四郊,地主、富商紛紛逃進上海租界,租界人口激增,投機商乘機大批建造簡屋,高價出租。民國時期,“1·28”事變,和“8·13”事變後,日本侵略者,在上海狂轟濫炸,閘北、虹口、南市區,大量民房被毀,大批難民,湧入蘇州河北岸一帶,於是,又出現了更多的草棚和席捲的窩棚(“滾地龍”)。
由於棚戶區所帶來的問題眾多,取締,或拆除它們,也就成為市政當局的“要務”。如,民國14年(1925年),公共租界當局,因取締棚戶不成,竟縱火焚毀平涼路一帶的草棚,千餘間。民國25年(1936年)3月7日,市政當局勒令,逼遷長安路、裕通路、通濟路一帶棚戶不成,下令,將這一地帶的棚戶,焚毀。
如此這般,“野火燒不盡,春風吹又生”。到1949年5月,上海解放,全市200戶以上的棚戶區,仍有322處。
自然而然,解決廣大貧苦大眾的住房問題,成為新的人民政府的重要任務。 1950年10月,動工的平望新村,就是由市長陳毅親自批准的,第一個拆除危房改建的新村。著名的藥水弄棚戶區環境整治工程,同年11月開工,經過一年努力,改善了2萬多人居住的環境狀況。
1952年,市政府召開專門會議,提出,在上海建築兩萬戶工房的計劃。 “二萬戶”住宅,分佈在滬東、滬西、滬南工業區附近的9個基地,共有2000個單元住宅,1953年9月,全部落成。
最後的棚戶區,在哪裡?
數年前,北京一家影視公司,在上海,拍攝了一部20集的都市情感劇《最後的棚戶人家》,講述所謂最後一片棚戶區內老百姓的故事。
是否真的只剩下最後一片棚戶區了?或者,再進一步的問一下:上海市區還有多少棚戶區,或者,有多少上海人,還住在棚戶區?恐怕是無人能夠回答清楚的難題了。
1992年3月13日,上海市人大常委會舉行會議,聽取和審議市政府《關於棚戶簡屋改造規劃和實施情況的報告》。報告中,指出:截至1990年底,全市共有棚戶簡屋,365萬平方米,分散在3300餘處。在此,提醒讀者,注意兩點:其一,這個數字,大於解放初期關於棚戶簡屋的統計數據,不知是由於文革期間經濟和城市建設停滯,帶來了更多的棚戶簡屋生長,還是,這時,認定棚戶簡屋的評估標準,有了變化。其二,這365萬平方米的棚戶簡屋,就成為上海第一輪舊改的目標,即,到1995年,應完成的任務,也就是,後來常提到的“365工程”。
可是,到1995 年底,這項任務,還剩下約180萬平方米未改造。其後,政府明確,要在2000 年以前,通過房地產開發和市政建設的辦法,改造完畢,在“十五”規劃的舊改目標,400萬中,應包含這些“啃剩下的骨頭”。
但,隨著時間的流逝,舊改目標,依然未能完成。因而,在市政府批准公佈的《上海市住房建設規劃(2006-2010年)》中,舊區與舊住房改造的主要目標,還是:中心城區,完成成片二級舊里以下,房屋改造400萬平方米。
可是,誰都知道,在“日新月異”的大改造中,拆除房屋的數量,遠不止此。據相關統計資料,“九五”時期,拆除各類舊住房,1200萬平方米,“十五”時期,拆除二級舊里以下住房,700萬平方米。這就是說,有些棚戶簡屋,由於區位條件等因素,既沒有開發商看上,又未能成為市政建設動遷的對象,於是,便繼續生存了下來。
棚戶的“再生”或再生
最後,換個角度,再講幾句。大規模的舊區改造,的確大範圍和相當程度的改善了舊區居民的居住條件。但,舊城改造中,簡單的、完全推倒重來的更新方式,也對歷史環境,造成直接破壞。鑑於此,2002年7月,市人大通過了《上海市歷史文化風貌區和優秀歷史建築保護條例》。 2004年9月,市政府發布《關於進一步加強本市歷史文化風貌區和優秀歷史建築保護的通知》,指出:各級政府一定要高度重視對歷史文化風貌區和優秀歷史建築的保護,按照“全面規劃、整體保護、積極利用、依法嚴管”的原則,實行最嚴格、最科學的保護製度。
相關主管部門公佈的保護建築,總量為1218萬平方米,其中,裡弄建築952萬平方米。在中心城區,劃定的12片,總佔地面積近27平方公里的歷史文化風貌區中,也有大量舊居住建築,需要保護和保留。因此,在“十一五”期間的舊改中,必須明確保護與拆除的不同對象。既不應讓必須改造的棚戶簡屋再次“流失”,更不能讓保護建築,或有一定價值的舊建築,成為犧牲品。
坦率地講,真正的棚戶簡屋,是沒有什麼文化價值的,所以,在改造的時候,也不值得保留,最多,像當年蕃瓜弄棚戶區改建那樣,保留幾間草棚簡屋“滾地龍”,供人參觀、以史育人,即可。可是,需要注意得是,如果是外觀看上去像棚戶,其實,是由不當使用導致風貌混亂的,有價值的建築的話,就要小心對待了。
房屋,需要維護、舊房,需要修繕、老房,必須保護!再好的房子,沒有維護、缺乏管理,都有可能成為棚戶區,所以,規劃管理既要防止新的棚戶“再生”和蔓延;又要通過環境整治,和政策措施,促使老建築的再生,即,讓歷史建築適應現代居住生活的要求,在當代社會中繼續發揮作用。前面提到的,50年代建成的工人新村,如今,其建築和環境狀況,都不容樂觀,但,採取“推土機”方式,來徹底改造,顯然,也是不合適的。這是因為,每一個社區,或場所的特別的遺產和集體的記憶,是不可取代的,是現在和將來發展的一個重要基礎。
對待舊區要從“拆、改、留”並舉,轉向“整、改、保”同步,即,由“拆除”、“改造”、“保留”,轉向“整治”、“改善”、“保護”,尤其是在處理歷史文化風貌區內居住地段時,轉變觀念、探索方法、制定政策、鼓勵參與,任何一環,都不可缺少。
2010年,上海世博會確定了鼓舞人心的主題:“城市,讓生活更美好!”於是,人們寄希望於世博,期望在世博召開前解決一切城市問題,這,當然是不現實的,也是不可能的事情。不過,在世博之後,希望有更加科學、更加睿智的規劃建設方法,來解決舊區改造問題,這,似乎是值得期待的事情。如,作為2010年上海世博會創新項目的亮點之一——“城市最佳實踐區”展示項目,這些,在全球範圍,遴選出好的城市發展案例,就將成為上海今后城市建設的參考和借鑒。
城牆時代
上海市最早的市區,是在原南市區(現被併入黃浦區)部分,上海市民俗稱“老城廂”。這個範圍,為今天,中華路人民路的區域裡面,即,上海縣城。城牆,於1912年,由滬軍都督府及上海鄉紳,進行籌款拆除,並填護城河,築成中華路,以及民國路(1949年以後,改稱人民路)。
殖民時代
1842年,《中國英國南京條約》簽訂以後,上海作為五口通商之一,正式開埠。1843年,英國駐滬總領事巴富爾,與時任上海道台宮慕久,在上海縣城,簽訂《上海租界章程》,在蘇州河以南、洋涇浜以北、李家莊以東,建立租界;法國在洋涇浜以南,劃定法租界。
日後,隨著1890年代的租界擴張,以及工部局和公董局的“越界築路”,浦西的範圍,逐漸擴大到公共租界以及法租界,包括,越界築路地段。
由於作為租界時期的城市中心,租界當局在浦西,投入較多資金,用於市政工程的建設。包括,1908年建成,至今,仍在使用的外白渡橋。浦西,逐漸成為上海以及全中國的經濟、文化中心。國民政府時期,浦西聚集了四行兩局一庫、最大的證券交易所、數家外資銀行駐華總部。
1949年以後
由於戰爭的影響,導致租界人口激增。 1943年,隨著租界的結束,浦西的範圍,不僅僅局限於租界。到1949年時,浦西成為全國人口最為密集的地區,居住著將近520多萬的人口。
由於西方殖民文化的長期影響,以及抗日戰爭起的關鍵因素。浦西,逐漸分化為兩極,在上海話中,稱為“上隻角”,和“下隻角”。上隻角,基本上,是租界地區,即,今黃浦、靜安、盧灣以及虹口、徐匯部分地區。下隻角,多為楊浦,閘北、普陀等區域的棚戶區。
1956年以後,大陸實行計劃經濟,上海成為最大的製造業基地,但,隨著戶籍制度的實行,上海的人口,趨於穩定增長。尤其在計劃生育實行以前,上海人口增加幅度較大。但是,在1980年代末之前,上海公共工程,因為計劃經濟的部分原因,導致城市公共設施老化,較多的,仍是沿用數十年前,租界當局的公共設施。
1990年代以後,浦西開始大規模的舊區改造,城市面貌,發生極大變化,如今的浦西,已經成為亞洲地區最繁華最時尚的地區之一。
從浦東,看浦西
交通
浦西擁有上海最發達的公共交通網絡。擁有高架路、公交、地鐵、高架軌交、輪渡等立體化的網絡。
目前運營的公交線路有上千條。軌道交通正在建設以及建成的共有10多條線路。城市中心擁有成都路高架以及延安路高架。市區周邊擁有三道環線高架路,即內環、中環、外環。
住宅條件
上海浦西在1980年代,大部分住宅,為石庫門、新式裡弄,以及花園洋房。 90年代初,上海大規模的市政工程開工、以及舊區改造的進行,大批石庫門被拆除。
在中國上海的楊浦區(尤其是楊浦大橋兩側,如,周家牌路圈,最大棚戶區)、閘北和普陀(如,西合德里、光復裡;中興村,嵐皋路,嵐皋西路,蘭田路圈等),至今,仍存在大量棚戶區。
Shanghai “just under the corner” Past and Present
http://sh.house.sina.com.cn; 2012 08 13, 17:21; construction market reported
“Under the corner” shanty towns – a past vocabulary?
(Author Zhang Song) in Shanghai, “shantytowns”, only with the liberation of Shanghai underlying human habitation “angle”, is closely related.
“Past and does not repair the present and bitter, present and had to live in shanty towns.” – Is the old social Yangshupu near workers mantra. Construction shanty shacks of bamboo, Shugun, straw and clay, poor living conditions, no electricity, down the water infrastructure, is full of garbage, feces, for many years, stench, a yellow mold days even more miserable. “Shantytowns” and become a true portrayal of the hell on earth that year the city.
Shanghai after 30 years of reform and development, all walking in front of the country, there is no such shantytowns? 2006, “Xinmin Weekly, had this topic luxury behind remnants of shantytowns disclosed.
Today, if you’re not careful, walked into any one shanty “dire straits”, “dark” this wording will be surfacing. “Dire straits”, because, on rainy days, water, hot summer, and ice and snow, there is no air conditioning; said, “dark”, refers to the high density of the shanty, lead lighting, ventilation, etc., does not meet basic health standards of living. Remain the toilet has become a major feature of life in shantytowns.
“Under the corner” shantytowns of life and death
According to historical records, after the opening of Shanghai, with foreign capital input and industrial development, a large number of poor farmers to Shanghai to make a living, due to their inability to rental housing, then in the wasteland, roadside, riverside, as well as open space around the plant, erected all kinds of shanty towns. Initially, appeared in the Huangpu River and the Wusong River (Suzhou River) the two sides, and then spread to factories around the void, and along the railway, and finally, all the lots throughout the downtown area surrounding the.
Stretches constant war, shantytowns spread of the catalyst. Xianfeng years (1860), the Taiping army approaching Shanghai environs, the landlords, the wealthy have fled into Shanghai Concession Concession rapid population growth, speculators took the opportunity to a large number of construction shacks, high-priced rental. Republic of China, “1.28” Incident, “8.13” Incident, the Japanese invaders, indiscriminate bombing in Shanghai Zhabei, Hongkou, Nanshiqu, a large number of houses were destroyed and a large number of refugees, the influx of Suzhou Hebei Thus, along the shore, appeared more huts and swept the shack (“Rolling Earth Dragon”).
Many shantytowns, banned, or remove them, became the municipalities’ tasks. Such as the Republic of China 14 years (1925), International Settlement authorities banned shanty fragmentation, actually arson burned Pingliang Road in the vicinity of huts, more than a thousand. 25 years (1936) 7 March, the municipal authorities ordered eviction Chang’an Road, margin pathway, Tongji Road area shanty not ordered, the shanty towns of the Strip, burned.
Way, wild fire, spring wind and Health “. By May 1949, the liberation of Shanghai, the city’s shantytowns, there are still more than 200 322.
Naturally, solve the housing problems of the majority of the poor masses has become an important task for the new government of the people. In October 1950, commenced the Pingwang Village, is personally approved by the Mayor Chen Yi, the first demolition of dilapidated buildings rebuilt the New Village. The famous syrup Lane shantytowns environmental restoration project, started in November of the same year, after a year of efforts to improve the environmental situation of the more than 20,000 people living.
In 1952, the municipal government held a special meeting, proposed plans in the construction of twenty thousand Kobo. “Twenty thousand” residential distribution in the the Hudong, Huxi, Shanghai South Industrial Area, near the 9 base, a total of 2,000 residential units in September 1953, all completed.
Last shantytowns, where?
A few years ago, a Beijing-based film and television company in Shanghai, photographed urban emotion of a 20-episode drama “Last of shantytowns people”, the story about the so-called last a shanty district people.
Really only last a shanty town? Or, further to ask: Shanghai how many shanty towns, or the number of people of Shanghai, also live in shanty towns? I am afraid that no one can answer clear problem.
March 13, 1992, the Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress meeting, to hear and examine the municipal government, “the report about the the shanty shacks transformation planning and implementation. The report pointed out that: the end of 1990, the city has a total of shanty shacks, 3.65 million square meters, dispersed in the more than 3300. Remind readers to pay attention to two points: First, this number is greater than the early liberation of shanty shacks statistics, I do not know is because of the stagnant economy and urban construction during the Cultural Revolution, brought more growth of shanty shacks, or, in this case, the evaluation criteria identified shanty shacks has changed. Second, the 3.65 million square meters of shanty shacks, the goal of the first round of the old reform, that is, in 1995, the task should be completed later often mentioned is the “365 project”.
However, by the end of 1995, this task is left about 1.8 million square meters is not transformation. Subsequently, the government made it clear, in 2000, by way of real estate development and municipal construction, the transformation is completed, in the “Tenth Five-Year Plan” of the old reform objectives, 4000000, should contain these “eating the rest of the bones.
But, as time goes by, the old reform objectives still not complete. Thus, approved by the municipal government announced “Shanghai housing construction plan (2006-2010), the main objective of the transformation of the old areas with old housing, or: the central city to complete into a film two years under the old Housing transform 400 million square meters.
However, everyone knows that, in the transformation of the “ever-changing”, the number of demolished houses, and much more than this. According to related statistics, the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period, the removal of all kinds of old housing, 12 million square meters, the Tenth Five-Year Plan “period, the demolition of dilapidated housing, 7 million square meters. That is to say, some shanty shacks, due to regional conditions and other factors, neither developers fancy, and not become the object of the municipal building relocation, so they continue to survive.
The shantytowns of “renewable” or renewable
Finally, from another angle, revisit a few. Large-scale urban transformation, indeed, a wide range and a considerable degree of improving the living conditions of urban residents. But the transformation of the old, simple, completely reinvent the wheel update, but also of the historical environment, causing direct damage. In view of this, in July 2002, the Municipal People’s Congress passed the Shanghai Historic District and outstanding historic buildings Protection Ordinance. In September 2004, the municipal government issued a notice on further strengthening the city’s historical and cultural features and excellent protection of historic buildings, pointed out: governments at all levels must attach great importance to the protection of historical and cultural features and excellent historic buildings, in accordance with comprehensive planning, and overall protection, active use, in accordance with the law and strict management “principle, the implementation of the most rigorous and scientific system of protection.
Relevant authorities announced protect the building, a total of 12.18 million square meters, including neighborhood construction of 9.52 million square meters. In the central city, the delineation of 12, a total area of nearly 27 square kilometers of the historical and cultural area, there are a large number of older residential buildings, the need to protect and preserve. Therefore, no change in the “Eleventh Five-Year” period, you must clear the different objects of protection and removal. Neither should be allowed to be transformed shanty shacks again “loss”, nor does it protect the building, or a certain value of the old building to be sacrificed.
Frankly, real shanty shacks, nothing cultural values, transformation is not worth preserving, up Fan melon Lane converted shantytowns, retained a few huts shacks roll Earth Dragon, “for people to visit, history and educating people. However, the need to pay attention was the appearance looks like a shanty, in fact, caused by the improper use of style chaos, valuable building, we should be treated with caution.
Houses need maintenance, old house needs repairs, tenements, must be protected! No matter how good the house, no maintenance, lack of management, are likely to become shanty towns, planning management is necessary to prevent the the new shanty “renewable” and spread; but also by environmental remediation, and policy measures to promote the regeneration of the old building, That is, the historic buildings to meet the requirements of modern living in, and continue to play a role in contemporary society. Mentioned earlier, the workers’ village built in the 1950s, and now, its architectural and environmental conditions, is not optimistic, but to take the “bulldozer” to reinvent Obviously, it is inappropriate. This is because the particular heritage and collective memory of a community, or place, is irreplaceable, now and in the future development of an important foundation.
Treat the old districts from demolition, change to stay “simultaneously turning” the whole change, Paul “synchronous, ie, by the” dismantling “,” transformation “,” retain “, turned to the” rectification “,” improve “,” protection “, especially when dealing with the historical and cultural character residing in the lot, changing concepts, explore methods to develop policies to encourage participation in any ring, are indispensable.
In 2010, the Shanghai World Expo will determine the inspiring theme: “City, Better Life!” So, one hopes Expo expectations before the convening of the World Expo to solve all urban problems, which, of course, is unrealistic and impossible thing. However, after the Expo, more scientific, more wise planning and construction methods to solve the problem of urban transformation of this seems to be the thing to look forward to. Demonstration projects such as the one of the highlights of the 2010 Shanghai World Expo innovative projects – “Urban Best Practice Area”, those on a global scale, the selection of good urban development case, it will become a reference for future urban construction in Shanghai .
Walls of the times
The earliest urban area of Shanghai, in the original Nanshiqu (now incorporated Huangpu District) part, the Shanghai public commonly known as “Laochengxiang. This range for today, Zhonghua Road, Renmin Road area inside, namely, Shanghai county. City walls, in 1912, by the Military Government of Shanghai and Shanghai squire fundraising dismantle and fill the moat built into the Zhonghua Road, Republic Road (1949, renamed the People’s Road).
Colonial era
British Nanjing Treaty signed in 1842, as one of the five Tsusho, the official Opening. 1843 Balfour, the British Consul General in Shanghai, Shanghai, Taiwan Palace Mu long time and when he signed the Shanghai Concession Constitution, in Shanghai, the county seat, in the south of Suzhou Creek, north of Pidgin, lijiazhuang east, the establishment of Concession ; France in the south of Pidgin delineation of the French Concession.
The future, with the the Concession expansion in the 1890s, as well as the Municipal Council and the public Dong Bureau “cross-border road, the scope of Puxi, and gradually expand to the International Settlement and French Concession, including cross-border road Lot.
Concession authorities in Puxi as the urban centers of the Concession period, to allocate more funds for the construction of municipal projects. , Built in 1908, so far, is still in use Waibaidu. Puxi, becoming the economic and cultural center of Shanghai, as well as the whole of China. During the National Government, the Puxi gathered a library of four lines of the two Councils, the largest stock exchange, a number of foreign banks in China headquarters.
Since 1949
Due to the impact of the war, leading to rapid population growth Concession. In 1943, with the end of the Concession, the Puxi range is not limited to the concession. To 1949, to become the country’s most densely populated areas in Puxi, home to nearly 5.2 million people.
Due to the long-term effects of the Western colonial culture, and played a key factor in the Sino-Japanese War. Puxi, gradually differentiate into two poles, in the Shanghai dialect, known as “the corner” and just under the corner. ” On horns, basically, is the concession area, that this Huangpu, Jing’an, Luwan and Hongkou, Xuhui parts. Just under the corner, Yangpu, Zhabei, Putuo area shantytowns.
1956, mainland China had a planned economy, Shanghai has become the largest manufacturing base, but, with the implementation of the household registration system, the population of Shanghai, stable growth. Especially in family planning to implement ago, the the Shanghai population increase. However, in the late 1980s, the Shanghai public works, partly because of the planned economy, leading to aging of urban public facilities, and more, is still in use decades ago, the public facilities of the Concession Authorities.
After the 1990s, the Puxi began large-scale urban transformation of the urban landscape, dramatic change, the Puxi now has become one of the most prosperous in Asia’s most fashionable districts.
See Puxi from Pudong,
Traffic
Puxi, Shanghai is the most developed public transport network. Has elevated road, bus, subway, elevated rail delivery, ferry and other three-dimensional network.
Currently operates thousands of bus lines. Rail transit is under construction, and built a total of more than 10 lines. The city center has Chengdu Elevated Road and Yan’an Elevated Road. Urban periphery has three Ring Elevated Road, the inner ring, in the ring, the outer ring.
Housing conditions
Shanghai Puxi in the 1980s, most residential Shikumen, the new neighborhood, and garden houses. In the early 1990s, large-scale municipal projects in Shanghai started, as well as the conduct of the urban transformation of a large number of Shikumen were removed.
(Especially on both sides of the Yangpu Bridge, as, Zhoujia Brand Road Circle, the largest shantytowns), Zhabei and Putuo, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China (West co-Delhi, Guangfu; Zhongxingcun Langao Road, Langao West Road Lantian Road, circle, etc.), so far, there are still a large number of shantytowns.
上海“下只角”的前世今生
http://sh.house.sina.com.cn ; 2012年08月13日17:21 ;建设市场报
“下只角”棚户区——一个过去时词汇?
(作者 张松)在上海,“棚户区”,跟解放前上海底层人居住的“下只角”,紧密相联。
“前世不修今世苦,今世只好住棚户。”——这是旧社会杨树浦附近工人们的口头禅。由毛竹、树棍、稻草和泥土等建造的棚户简屋,居住条件极差,没有供电、上下水等基础设施,到处是垃圾、粪便,长年,臭气冲天,一到黄霉天,更是苦不堪言。“棚户区”,成为当年城市里人间地狱的真实写照。
改革开发30年后,一切走在全国前面的上海,还有没有这样的棚户区呢?2006年,《新民周刊》,曾以此为专题,对奢华上海背后残存的棚户区,进行了披露。
今天,如果你不小心,走进了任何一片棚户,“水深火热”、“暗无天日”这样的字眼,就会浮现眼前。说“水深火热”,是因为,下雨天,积水、炎热酷暑,和冰天雪地,没有空调;说,“暗无天日”,是指棚户的高密度,导致采光、通风等,不符合居住的基本卫生标准。依然存在的马桶,成为棚户区生活的一大特征。
“下只角”棚户区的生生死死
据史料记载,上海开埠后,随着外国资本输入和工业的发展,大量贫困农民,来沪谋生,因无力租赁住房,遂在荒地、路旁、河畔、以至,工厂周围的空地,搭起形形色色的棚户。最初,出现在黄浦江畔及吴淞江(今苏州河)两岸,继而向工厂周围空隙地,及铁路两旁蔓延,最后,遍布市中心区周边的所有地段。
延绵不断的战乱,更是棚户蔓延的催化剂。咸丰十年(1860年),太平军逼近上海四郊,地主、富商纷纷逃进上海租界,租界人口激增,投机商乘机大批建造简屋,高价出租。民国时期,“1·28”事变,和“8·13”事变后,日本侵略者,在上海狂轰滥炸,闸北、虹口、南市区,大量民房被毁,大批难民,涌入苏州河北岸一带,于是,又出现了更多的草棚和席卷的窝棚(“滚地龙”)。
由于棚户区所带来的问题众多,取缔,或拆除它们,也就成为市政当局的“要务”。如,民国14年(1925年),公共租界当局,因取缔棚户不成,竟纵火焚毁平凉路一带的草棚,千余间。民国25年(1936年)3月7日,市政当局勒令,逼迁长安路、裕通路、通济路一带棚户不成,下令,将这一地带的棚户,焚毁。
如此这般,“野火烧不尽,春风吹又生”。到1949年5月,上海解放,全市200户以上的棚户区,仍有322处。
自然而然,解决广大贫苦大众的住房问题,成为新的人民政府的重要任务。1950年10月,动工的平望新村,就是由市长陈毅亲自批准的,第一个拆除危房改建的新村。著名的药水弄棚户区环境整治工程,同年11月开工,经过一年努力,改善了2万多人居住的环境状况。
1952年,市政府召开专门会议,提出,在上海建筑两万户工房的计划。“二万户”住宅,分布在沪东、沪西、沪南工业区附近的9个基地,共有2000个单元住宅,1953年9月,全部落成。
最后的棚户区,在哪里?
数年前,北京一家影视公司,在上海,拍摄了一部20集的都市情感剧《最后的棚户人家》,讲述所谓最后一片棚户区内老百姓的故事。
是否真的只剩下最后一片棚户区了?或者,再进一步的问一下:上海市区还有多少棚户区,或者,有多少上海人,还住在棚户区?恐怕是无人能够回答清楚的难题了。
1992年3月13日,上海市人大常委会举行会议,听取和审议市政府《关于棚户简屋改造规划和实施情况的报告》。报告中,指出:截至1990年底,全市共有棚户简屋,365万平方米,分散在3300余处。在此,提醒读者,注意两点:其一,这个数字,大于解放初期关于棚户简屋的统计数据,不知是由于文革期间经济和城市建设停滞,带来了更多的棚户简屋生长,还是,这时,认定棚户简屋的评估标准,有了变化。其二,这365万平方米的棚户简屋,就成为上海第一轮旧改的目标,即,到1995年,应完成的任务,也就是,后来常提到的“365工程”。
可是,到1995 年底,这项任务,还剩下约180万平方米未改造。其后,政府明确,要在2000 年以前,通过房地产开发和市政建设的办法,改造完毕,在“十五”规划的旧改目标,400万中,应包含这些“啃剩下的骨头”。
但,随着时间的流逝,旧改目标,依然未能完成。因而,在市政府批准公布的《上海市住房建设规划(2006-2010年)》中,旧区与旧住房改造的主要目标,还是:中心城区,完成成片二级旧里以下,房屋改造400万平方米。
可是,谁都知道,在“日新月异”的大改造中,拆除房屋的数量,远不止此。据相关统计资料,“九五”时期,拆除各类旧住房,1200万平方米,“十五”时期,拆除二级旧里以下住房,700万平方米。这就是说,有些棚户简屋,由于区位条件等因素,既没有开发商看上,又未能成为市政建设动迁的对象,于是,便继续生存了下来。
棚户的“再生”或再生
最后,换个角度,再讲几句。大规模的旧区改造,的确大范围和相当程度的改善了旧区居民的居住条件。但,旧城改造中,简单的、完全推倒重来的更新方式,也对历史环境,造成直接破坏。鉴于此,2002年7月,市人大通过了《上海市历史文化风貌区和优秀历史建筑保护条例》。2004年9月,市政府发布《关于进一步加强本市历史文化风貌区和优秀历史建筑保护的通知》,指出:各级政府一定要高度重视对历史文化风貌区和优秀历史建筑的保护,按照“全面规划、整体保护、积极利用、依法严管”的原则,实行最严格、最科学的保护制度。
相关主管部门公布的保护建筑,总量为1218万平方米,其中,里弄建筑952万平方米。在中心城区,划定的12片,总占地面积近27平方公里的历史文化风貌区中,也有大量旧居住建筑,需要保护和保留。因此,在“十一 五”期间的旧改中,必须明确保护与拆除的不同对象。既不应让必须改造的棚户简屋再次“流失”,更不能让保护建筑,或有一定价值的旧建筑,成为牺牲品。
坦率地讲,真正的棚户简屋,是没有什么文化价值的,所以,在改造的时候,也不值得保留,最多,像当年蕃瓜弄棚户区改建那样,保留几间草棚简屋“滚地龙”,供人参观、以史育人,即可。可是,需要注意得是,如果是外观看上去像棚户,其实,是由不当使用导致风貌混乱的,有价值的建筑的话,就要小心对待了。
房屋,需要维护、旧房,需要修缮、老房,必须保护!再好的房子,没有维护、缺乏管理,都有可能成为棚户区,所以,规划管理既要防止新的棚户“再生”和蔓延;又要通过环境整治,和政策措施,促使老建筑的再生,即,让历史建筑适应现代居住生活的要求,在当代社会中继续发挥作用。前面提到的,50年代建成的工人新村,如今,其建筑和环境状况,都不容乐观,但,采取“推土机”方式,来彻底改造,显然,也是不合适的。这是因为,每一个社区,或场所的特别的遗产和集体的记忆,是不可取代的,是现在和将来发展的一个重要基础。
对待旧区要从“拆、改、留”并举,转向“整、改、保”同步,即,由“拆除”、“改造”、“保留”,转向“整治”、“改善”、“保护”,尤其是在处理历史文化风貌区内居住地段时,转变观念、探索方法、制定政策、鼓励参与,任何一环,都不可缺少。
2010年,上海世博会确定了鼓舞人心的主题:“城市,让生活更美好!”于是,人们寄希望于世博,期望在世博召开前解决一切城市问题,这,当然是不现实的,也是不可能的事情。不过,在世博之后,希望有更加科学、更加睿智的规划建设方法,来解决旧区改造问题,这,似乎是值得期待的事情。如,作为2010年上海世博会创新项目的亮点之一——“城市最佳实践区”展示项目,这些,在全球范围,遴选出好的城市发展案例,就将成为上海今后城市建设的参考和借鉴。
城墙时代
上海市最早的市区,是在原南市区(现被并入黄浦区)部分,上海市民俗称“老城厢”。这个范围,为今天,中华路人民路的区域里面,即,上海县城。城墙,于1912年,由沪军都督府及上海乡绅,进行筹款拆除,并填护城河,筑成中华路,以及民国路(1949年以后,改称人民路)。
殖民时代
1842年,《中国英国南京条约》签订以后,上海作为五口通商之一,正式开埠。1843年,英国驻沪总领事巴富尔,与时任上海道台宫慕久,在上海县城,签订《上海租界章程》,在苏州河以南、洋泾浜以北、李家庄以东,建立租界;法国在洋泾浜以南,划定法租界。
日后,随着1890年代的租界扩张,以及工部局和公董局的“越界筑路”,浦西的范围,逐渐扩大到公共租界以及法租界,包括,越界筑路地段。
由于作为租界时期的城市中心,租界当局在浦西,投入较多资金,用于市政工程的建设。包括,1908年建成,至今,仍在使用的外白渡桥。浦西,逐渐成为上海以及全中国的经济、文化中心。国民政府时期,浦西聚集了四行两局一库、最大的证券交易所、数家外资银行驻华总部。
1949年以后
由于战争的影响,导致租界人口激增。1943年,随着租界的结束,浦西的范围,不仅仅局限于租界。到1949年时,浦西成为全国人口最为密集的地区,居住着将近520多万的人口。
由于西方殖民文化的长期影响,以及抗日战争起的关键因素。浦西,逐渐分化为两极,在上海话中,称为“上只角”,和“下只角”。上只角,基本上,是租界地区,即,今黄浦、静安、卢湾以及虹口、徐汇部分地区。下只角,多为杨浦,闸北、普陀等区域的棚户区。
1956年以后,大陆实行计划经济,上海成为最大的制造业基地,但,随着户籍制度的实行,上海的人口,趋于稳定增长。尤其在计划生育实行以前,上海人口增加幅度较大。但是,在1980年代末之前,上海公共工程,因为计划经济的部分原因,导致城市公共设施老化,较多的,仍是沿用数十年前,租界当局的公共设施。
1990年代以后,浦西开始大规模的旧区改造,城市面貌,发生极大变化,如今的浦西,已经成为亚洲地区最繁华最时尚的地区之一。
从浦东,看浦西
交通
浦西拥有上海最发达的公共交通网络。拥有高架路、公交、地铁、高架轨交、轮渡等立体化的网络。
目前运营的公交线路有上千条。轨道交通正在建设以及建成的共有10多条线路。城市中心拥有成都路高架以及延安路高架。市区周边拥有三道环线高架路,即内环、中环、外环。
住宅条件
上海浦西在1980年代,大部分住宅,为石库门、新式里弄,以及花园洋房。90年代初,上海大规模的市政工程开工、以及旧区改造的进行,大批石库门被拆除。
在中国上海的杨浦区(尤其是杨浦大桥两侧,如,周家牌路圈,最大棚户区)、闸北和普陀(如,西合德里、光复里;中兴村,岚皋路,岚皋西路,兰田路圈等),至今,仍存在大量棚户区。