兰州中学生将代表中国，出征世界机器人奥林匹克竞赛。2012年08月17日。第九届世界机器人奥林匹克竞赛举行在即

兰州中学生将代表中国，出征世界机器人奥林匹克竞赛。2012年08月17日。第九届世界机器人奥林匹克竞赛举行在即

　　兰州中学生将代表中国出征

8月10日至12日，海南省海口市，举办了2012世界机器人奥林匹克竞赛(WRO)中国区选拔赛，兰州市华侨实验学校队夺得冠军，这是继去年，该校机器人团队，获得WRO中国区冠军、代表中国，出征阿联酋第八届世界机器人奥林匹克竞赛后，又一次获得的殊荣。今年11月，他们将继续代表中国，参加在马来西亚举办的，第九届世界机器人奥林匹克竞赛国际总决赛。

　　夺得冠军的城关区华侨实验学校队、由徐海铭、刘松岳、石周立、黎勃翰、张翔天、王冠雄6名同学组成。他们在老师的精心指导下，用半年时间，设计搭建了资源分拣机器人，同时，在设计程序中，赋予机器人智慧。经过不断完善和调试，完成竞赛设计规划和现场比赛要求。比赛中，他们通过坡道、“桥梁”、越过障碍、抓取可用资源、摒弃不可用资源、运回基地、完成不同资源的识别与分拣，圆满完成了一系列高难度任务，获得了全场最高分，成功卫冕冠军。

　　据该校带队教练李广平老师介绍，本年度，国际赛挑战难度，较以前增加，对机器人的执行精度、智能识别能力要求，很高，因此，设计思路和程序编写及调试难度较大。此项国际挑战任务，对学生的综合素质要求较高，没有任何可参考的范例。机构设计及搭建，程序编写都需要学生自己完成。用何种思路解决具体问题，究竟选择哪一种方案合适，这些都需要同学们自己决定。机器人没有眼睛，远程执行任务，如何做到精确定位这是最难的问题，用有限的传感器及周围环境，确定自己位置并不断校正自己的位置，以便最终能准确执行远程任务，这是本次竞赛的核心难点。华侨实验学校机器人团队，较好的解决了这一核心问题。在竞赛中，很多机器人都是“有去无回”，他们能从基地出发并接触到资源物，但最终无法返回基地导致失败。华侨实验学校机器人团队圆满完成系列项目，并成功返回基地，成为赛场上最引人瞩目的参赛队。

　　据介绍，去年,该校机器人团队,就获得WRO中国区冠军，代表国家,出征在阿联酋举办的第八届世界机器人奥林匹克竞赛。该校机器人团队，将于今年11月，代表中国,参加在马来西亚举办的,第九届世界机器人奥林匹克竞赛国际总决赛。

美军警告：军事机器人程序若变异或将毁灭世界。时间：2012-08-17 。

　　电影里的未来机器人形象

　　警告程序师，不要急于求成

　　毫无疑问，未来战争中，自动机器人士兵，将成为作战的绝对主力。但是，美国海军研究室近日在关于机器人士兵的研究报告《自动机器人的危险、道德以及设计》中，对军方使用机器人提出警告，建议为军事机器人设定道德规范。研究人员认为，必须对军事机器人，提前设定严格的密码，否则，整个世界，都有可能毁于他们的钢铁之手。

　　报告中，表示，为军事机器人设定道德规范，是一项严肃的工作，人类必须正视快速发展的机器人，它们足够聪明，甚至，最后可能展示出超过现代士兵的认知优势。

　　帕特里克·林博士在报告中表示：“现在存在一个共同的误解：认为机器人只会做程序中规定它们做的事情。可不幸地是，这种想法已经过时了，一个人书写和理解程序的时代已经一去不复返了。”林博士说，实际上，现在的程序大都是由一组程序师共同完成的，几乎没有哪个人能够完全理解所有程序。因此，也没有任何一个人能够精确预测出这些程序中哪部分可能发生变异。

　　如何能够保护机器人士兵不受恐怖分子、黑客的袭击或者出现软件故障呢？如果机器人突然变得狂暴，谁应该负责呢，是机器人的程序设计师还是美国总统？机器人应该有“自杀开关”吗？林暗示说，唯一解决这些问题的办法就是提前为机器人设定“密码”，包括伦理道德、法律、社会以及政治等因素。

　　也认同这个准则，随着技术的发展，三定律可能成为未来机器人的安全准则。

　　报告还指出，现今美国的军事机器人设计师往往急于求成，常常会将还不成熟的机器人技术急匆匆推入市场，促使人工智能的进步在不受控制的领域内不断加速发展。更糟糕的是，目前还没有一套控制自动系统出错的有效措施。如果设计出现错误，足以让全人类付出生命的代价。

　　设计师的这种心理原因可能与美国国会的命令有关。美国国会规定：到2015年前，三分之一的地面战斗将使用机器人士兵。

　　“机器人三定律”

　　事实上，一个简单的伦理密码，比如“机器人三定律”早在1950年就已经出台，但它们还不足以控制自动机器人的伦理行为。“机器人三定律”是阿西莫夫最重大的科幻理论贡献，他在名著《我，机器人》中写道：

　　一、机器人不得伤人,或看见有人受伤,却袖手旁观；

　　二、除非违背第一定律，机器人必须服从人的命令；

　　三、除非违背第一及第二条定律，机器人必须保护好自己。

　　“三定律”在科幻小说中,大放光彩，在一些其他作者的科幻小说中的机器人,也遵守这三条定律。但是，截至2005年，三定律在现实机器人工业中,仍然没有应用。

人工智能和机器人领域的技术专家

看机器人行业他山之石——英国机器人发展史
早在1966年，美国Unimation公司的尤尼曼特机器人和AMF公司的沃莎特兰机器人,就已经率先进入英国市场。1967年,英国的两家大机械公司特地为美国这两家机器人公司,在英国推销机器人。接着，英国HallAutomation公司,研制出自己的机器人RAMP。70年代初期，由于英国政府科学研究委员会,颁布了否定人工智能和机器人的Lighthall报告，对工业机器人实行了限制发展的严厉措施，因而,机器人工业,一蹶不振，在西欧,差不多居于末位。
但是，国际上，机器人蓬勃发展的形势,很快使英国政府意识到：机器人技术的落后，导致其商品在国际市场上的竞争力大为下降。于是，从70年代末开始，英国政府转而采取支持态度，推行并实施了一系列支持机器人发展的政策和措施，如，广泛宣传使用机器人的重要性、在财政上，给购买机器人企业以补贴、积极促进机器人研究单位与企业联合等，使英国机器人，开始了在生产领域广泛应用及大力研制的兴盛时期。
英国的工业机器人，起步比当今的机器人大国日本还要早，并曾经取得了早期的辉煌。然而，好景不长，20世纪7O年代初期，英国科学研究委员会颁布了否定人工智能和机器人的Lighthall报告，导致政府对工业机器人实行了限制发展的严厉措施。这个错误决策，导致英国的机器人工业一蹶不振，在西欧几乎处于末位。然而，国际上机器人蓬勃发展的形势，使英国政府转变了态度，并从20世纪7O年代末开始，推行并实施了一系列支持机器人发展的政策和措施，使英国机器人开始在生产领域广泛应用及大力研制的兴盛时期；但，为时已晚，老牌资本主义国家的风采，已不复存在。
至2003年底，英国工业机器人总装机数量，为14015台，比2002年，增长3％。2007年，英国工业机器人装机总量，为16300台。
就每万名雇员拥有工业机器人数进行统计，英国制造业中，每1万名雇员，有39个工业机器人。作为对比，德国为148个，意大利116个，西班牙72个，法国71个。
在英国汽车工业中，每万名产业工人，拥有660个工业机器人，但这个数字，还是远低于日本(1400个)、意大利(1400个)和德国(100个)。
现状
由于工业机器人生产规模的扩大和生产效率的提高，这十几年来英国的工业机器人价格也在持续下降，英国工业机器人在此阶段的价格指数，这种趋势就更显得一目了然。
近年，在忽略工业机器人性能提升因素的前提下，价格指数从100，下跌至52。如果将质量因素计算入内的话，工业机器人的价格指数，将跌至22。换句话说，同样性能的工业机器人，近年的价格，是1990年的，不到四分之一。但，在最近几年，工业机器人下跌趋势，得到遏制，价格趋于平稳。
在机器人价格不断下降的同时，英国企业劳动力薪资指数，从1990年的100，上升至183。这就意味着，工业机器人的相对价格指数，从1990年的100，跌到2003年的28（未经过质量调整）。如，综合考虑工业机器人的性能、质量和劳动力薪酬等各种因素的话，2003年，价格指数为12。
英国工业机器人的价格分布
英国工业机器人的销售价格，呈中间大，两头小的橄榄型
据对近年新安装的1111台工业机器人的统计表明
10000，至30000英镑的机器人，占39%
售价为30000，至50000的英镑机器人，占57%。
50000，至100000英镑的高端机器人产品，仅占4%。
焊接和塑料造型机器人占主导地位
在英国所有在运行的工业机器人中，焊接机器人几乎占了半壁江山，达到49%的份额，是第二位的3.8倍。其次是塑料造型机器人，占13%的份额。接下来的是材料处理，占8%。
汽车制造业在机器人的使用中领先
英国工业机器人最大的市场是汽车制造业。汽车制造业应用工业机器人数量占总量的61%。排名第二的市化学工业，占15%。其他行业，如食品工业、金属制品工业、机械产业、电机产业，各占总量的2~4%。
趋势
从近几年世界机器人推出的产品来看，工业机器人技术正在向智能机器和智能系统的方向发展，其发展趋势主要为结构的模块化和可重构化，控制技术的开放化、Pc化和网络化，伺服驱动技术的数字化和分散化，多传感器融合技术的实用化，工作环境设计的优化和作业的柔性化，以及系统的网络化和智能化等方面。
一、更加智能化.
机器人发展,一部分仍是一种机器,一部分机器人，越来越近于生物.有的科学家认为,制造外形与动作都和人相似的机器人，并不困难,并且认为，可以制造出具有情感,有性功能,而且，需要有人做伴侣的机器人,甚至，与人实现混合婚姻.对这种设想,并且，进行这种研究,科学界的舆论界贬褒不一.将来的机器人,把机器人的优点,人的优点结合在一起,可以创造更好的机器人来.
二、向着多样化方向发展.
机器人向着小型化,微型化方向发展,预计不久将来就会有更大的进展,毫米级装置系统,微米级系统,毫微米级系统将在21世纪问世,并为人类服务.微型机器人,一旦被人们所掌握,其作用是无可估量的.目前,许多科学家把机器人高级化的研究方向转向研究模仿低级动物的机器人群体上来.研究蟑螂,昆虫,家蝇等低级动物的习惯,功能,仿造它们制造简单的,具有一定功能的机器人,希望它们成群结队地，共同完成一些作业,以求经济效益提高.这种设想能否真正得以实现，有待发展才可以见其端倪.
三、汽车也将逐渐机器人化，就是用机器人开汽车.不过,这种开汽车和飞机,轮船的机器人,常常是一种分散的系统,它的相当于人的脑,眼,手,脚等”器官”，是分散放在不同的地点的,不过,它们的功能，和人完全相似.无人驾驶车辆,不论是遥控型的,还是自主型的,都是机器人未来的一个发展目标.
四、向着实用化方向发展.
将来的工业机器人,比现在的，只有5～8个关节的机器人关节，要多得多,它们的动作，就会更加灵活;将来的机器人操作精度，不是现在以毫米为单位的水平,而是以微米计的水平了;将来的机器人，比现在的机器人，会更安全可靠,不发生故障，能够连续进行工作,时间从现在的几千小时，也许会增长到几年;
将来的机器人眼睛能够很容易识别图形和景物;将来的机器人，能够很方便地与人交谈;将来的机器人……
科学家预测,到本世纪末，将会有8项科学技术，出现实在性进展,其中，有一项是电脑控制的机器人将实用化.这种机器人，可制造仿残疾人身体各部分
的零件,如假肢等.到本世界末,机器人数量，会大大增加,光美国就可望达到30万台,比现有的增加6～7倍,到本世纪末,日本有可能用农业机器人，代替许多务农的人，进行农业生产;到本世纪末,家庭和医院用的机器人，达到实用化,在最深海底工作的水下机器人，实用化,护理机器人实用化……未来的机器人发展前景,是无法一一列出的

Lanzhou high school students will represent China to set off the World Robot Olympiad. August 17, 2012. Ninth World Robot Olympiad held around the corner

Lanzhou high school students on behalf of the Chinese expedition

August 10 to 12, Haikou City, Hainan Province held the 2012 World Robot Olympiad (WRO) trials, Lanzhou City, the Overseas Chinese Experimental School team won the championship, which is following the last year, the school robotics team, WRO China District champion, on behalf of the Chinese expedition UAE 8th World Robot Olympiad, once again honor. In November of this year, they will continue to represent China, to participate in the Ninth World Robot Olympiad held in Malaysia in the international finals.

Chengguan District Overseas Chinese Experimental School won the championship teams, six students from Xu Haiming, Liu Songyue, Danzhou Li, Li Bohan, Zhang Xiang days, Wang Guanxiong. Under the careful guidance of the teacher, with six months, the design and construction resources sorting robot, at the same time, in the design process, giving the robot wisdom. To complete the competition design, planning and field competition requirements through continuous improvement and debugging. Game via the ramp, the “bridge” across the barriers, grab the available resources, get rid of non-resources, transported back to base to complete the identification and sorting of different resources, the successful completion of a series of difficult tasks, access to the full the highest score, successfully defending champion.

School led coach Guangping teacher this year, the international competition challenging and difficult than before, increase the accuracy of the implementation of the robot, intelligent recognition capabilities, high, therefore, design ideas and programming and debugging more difficult. The international challenge task, the overall quality of the students are higher, and there is no reference sample. Mechanical design and construction, programming all need students to complete. What kind of ideas to solve specific problems, how to choose which option is appropriate, these students decide for themselves. No eyes robots, remote execution of tasks, how to achieve precise positioning is the most difficult problem, with limited sensor and the surrounding environment to determine their position and continually correct their position in order to eventually be able to accurately perform remote tasks, it is this the core difficulty of the competition. Overseas Chinese Experimental School robotics team, a better solution to this core issue. In the contest, many robots are never to return, from the base camp and access to resource material that caused the failure, but ultimately unable to return to base. Overseas Chinese Experimental School robotics team the successful completion of a series of projects, and successfully returned to base, becoming the most impressive team in the arena.

According to reports, last year, the school robotics team, you WRO district championship behalf of the state, set off the eighth World Robot Olympiad held in the UAE. School robotics team, will be held in November this year, representatives of China, to participate in the Ninth World Robot Olympiad held in Malaysia in the international finals.

Warning the U.S.: military robot programs, if the variation or to destroy the world. Time :2012 -08-17.

Movie Robot image

Warning programmer, not anxious

There is no doubt that the next war, automatic robot soldiers will become the absolute main operations. U.S. Navy Research, however, a recent research report on robot soldiers “dangerous, moral, and design of automatic robot” on the military use of robots warned, it is recommended to set moral standards for military robots. The researchers believe that military robots must be set in advance a strict password, otherwise, the whole world, are likely destroyed by the hands of their steel.

The report, said that setting a code of ethics for military robots, is a serious work, mankind must face up to the rapid development of robots, they are smart enough to even, it may eventually demonstrate more than the cognitive advantages of the modern soldier.

Patrick Dr Lam said in the report: “There is a common misconception: that the robot can only do the programs require them to do. Unfortunately, this idea has become obsolete, and the writing of a person and understand the procedures of the times is gone. “Dr Lam said, in fact, now the procedures are mostly done jointly by a group of programmers, almost no person can fully understand all the procedures. Therefore do not have any one person can accurately predict which part of these procedures may mutate.

How robot soldiers to protect against terrorist hackers or software malfunction? If the robot suddenly become violent, and who is responsible, robot programmers or the President of the United States? Robot should have a “suicide switch” it? Lin hinted that the only way to solve these problems in advance for the robot to set the “Password”, including ethical, legal, social, and political factors.

Also agree with this criterion, as technology evolves, the three laws may become a future robot safety standards.

The report also pointed out that today’s U.S. military robot designers often anxious, and often will not mature robotics hurried to market, to promote the progress of artificial intelligence in the uncontrolled areas of accelerating development. To make matters worse, does not have a effective measures to control the automatic system error. If a design error, sufficient to pay with their lives of all mankind.

The designer of this psychological reasons may be related to the command of the U.S. Congress. The U.S. Congress provides that: In 2015, one-third of ground combat robot soldiers.

“Three Laws of Robotics”

In fact, a simple ethical code, such as the “Three Laws of Robotics” as early as in 1950 has been introduced, but they are insufficient to control the automatic robot ethical behavior. “Three Laws of Robotics”, Asimov’s most significant science fiction theoretical contribution, he wrote the novel “I, Robot”:

First, the robot must not assault, or saw someone injured, did nothing;

Unless contrary to the first law, the robot must obey the command;

Unless contrary to the law of the first and two, the robot must protect its own.

The “three laws” in science fiction, to shine, to comply with these three laws in some of the other authors of science fiction robots. However, as of 2005, three laws of real robotics industry is still not applied.

Technical experts in artificial intelligence and robotics

Look at the stone of the hills of the robotics industry – the history of robot development
Early as 1966, the U.S. Unimation uni Maintenon robot and the AMF’s Woshatelan robot, has been the first to enter the UK market. In 1967, the two largest machinery companies in the UK specifically for the two robot companies in the UK selling robots. Then, HallAutomation developed the RAMP of the robot. The early 1970s, as the British Government Science Research Council, promulgated Lighthall report to deny the artificial intelligence and robotics, stringent measures to implement the restrictions on the development of industrial robots, and therefore, the robotics industry, devastated, in Western Europe, almost living in the bottom.
However, the international community, the robot dynamic growth, and soon the British Government realized: the backwardness of the robot technology, led to the competitiveness of its goods in the international market dropped significantly. Thus, from the late 1970s, the British Government, to a supportive attitude, implement and implemented a series of policies and measures to support robot development, such as the wide publicity to the importance of the use of robots in the financial, to purchase the robot enterprises to subsidize , and actively promote robot research unit and corporate joint British robot, and the beginning of the boom years of the widely used in the production area and strongly developed.
Britain’s industrial robots, started even earlier than today’s robots in Japan, and has achieved early glory. However, did not last long, in the early 20th century, 7O, issued by the UK Science Research Council, the negation of artificial intelligence and robotics Lighthall report, led the Government to drastic measures to implement the restrictions on the development of industrial robots. The wrong decisions, resulting in the robot industry slump in Western Europe, almost at the bottom. However, the international robot dynamic growth, the British government change in attitude from the late 20th century, 7O, the implementation of and implemented a series of policies and measures in support of robot development, British robot widely used in the production area and The strong development of the boom years; but, too late, the style of the old capitalist countries no longer exist.
British industrial robots installed by the end of 2003, for 14,015 units, compared to 2002, an increase of 3%. In 2007, the British industrial robots total installed capacity of 16300 units.
Per million employees, has a number of industrial robots statistics, the British manufacturing industry, 10000 employees, 39 industrial robots. In contrast, Germany 148, Italy 116, Spain 72, France 71.
Has 660 industrial robots per 10,000 industrial workers in the UK automotive industry, but this figure is still far lower than Japan (1400), Italy (1400) and Germany (100).
Status quo
The last ten years due to industrial robots, production scale and production efficiency, industrial robot prices also continued to decline, the price index of Britain’s industrial robots at this stage, this trend is all the more clear.
In recent years, under the premise that ignored the industrial robot performance improvement factors, the price index from 100, down to 52. If the quality factor into words, the price index of industrial robots, will drop to 22. In other words, the same performance of industrial robots, the price in recent years, in 1990, less than a quarter. However, in recent years, the industrial robot downward trend has been checked, the price has stabilized.
Robot prices continued to fall while the labor payroll index of British companies, from 100 in 1990, rose to 183. This means that the relative price index of industrial robots fell from 100 in 1990 to 28 in 2003 (not adjusted for quality). For example, consider industrial robots, various factors such as performance, quality and labor remuneration in 2003, the price index of 12.
The price distribution of the British industrial robots
The sales price of the British industrial robots, was the middle, two small olive
According to the statistics in recent years, the newly installed 1111 industrial robot that
10,000 to £ 30,000 robots, accounting for 39%
Price is 30,000 to 50,000 pound robot, accounting for 57%.
50000, to £ 100,000 of high-end robotic products, accounting for only 4%.
Welding and plastic molding robot dominated
Running in British industrial robots, welding robots, accounting for almost half, 49 percent share of 3.8 times the second place. Followed by plastic molding robot, accounting for 13% of the share. The next material handling, accounting for 8%.
The automotive industry is leading in the use of robots
England’s largest industrial robot market is the automotive industry. The application number of industrial robots for the automotive industry accounted for 61% of the total. Ranked second in the chemical industry, accounting for 15%. Other industries, such as food industry, metal products industry, mechanical industry, motor industry, 2 to 4% of each total.
Trend
From products launched in recent years, the world robot, industrial robot technology is the direction of intelligent machines and intelligent systems, the development trend for the structure of the modular and reconfigurable control technology to the open, Pc of, and networking, digital servo drive technology and decentralization, the practical use of multi-sensor fusion technology, the design optimization of working conditions and job flexibility, and system networking and intelligent.
A more intelligent.
Development of robots, part of a machine part of the robot is getting closer to the biological. Some scientists believe that the manufacture of shape and motion are similar to human robot is not difficult, and that can create has the emotional, sexual function, and need someone to do the partner robot, even with people of mixed marriages on this idea, and that such a study, the scientific community, public opinion derogatory praise different robots of the future, the advantages of the robot people the advantages of combination, you can create a better robot.
Second, toward the direction of diversification.
Robot toward the direction of miniaturization, miniaturization is expected in the near future there will be greater progress in millimeter-device system, micron-level system, nanometer-level system will come out in the 21st century and Human Services. Micro-robots, once the master, whose role is immeasurable. Currently, many scientists robot high-class research towards research robot groups of up to imitate the lower animals. study the habits of the cockroaches, insects, houseflies and other lower animals, functional, and imitate them to create a simple, certain functions of the robot, to them in droves together to complete a number of operations, with a view to economic efficiency. this idea can really be achieved, yet to be developed can be reflected in its clues.
Cars will gradually robots, robot car. However, this car and aircraft, ships robot, and often is a decentralized system, it’s equivalent to the human brain, eyes, hands, feet, etc. “organ” is scattered in different locations, but their functions and similar unmanned vehicles, whether remote or autonomous, are robots of a future development goals.
Toward the direction of practical development.
Industrial robots in the future than now, only five to eight joints of the robot joint, much more, their action will be more flexible; robot operation accuracy, not the present level in millimeters, but to the micron level; future robots, robot than it is now more secure, reliable, not failure, continuous work, thousands of hours from now, the time may grow to a few years;
Future robot eyes can easily identify the graphics and scenery; future robots are able to easily talk with people; future robot …
Scientists predict the end of this century, there will be eight science and technology, the reality of progress, of which there is a computer-controlled robots will be practical. This robot can manufacture parts of the body of imitation of persons with disabilities
Parts, such as artificial limbs, and so on. To the end of this world, the number of robots, will greatly increase light the United States is expected to reach 30 million units, 6 to 7 times than the current increases, the end of this century, Japan may use the agricultural robot instead of farming, agricultural production; the end of this century, homes and hospitals used robots to achieve practical, work in the deepest undersea underwater robots, practical nursing robot practical. future robot development prospects is can not be listed